Euryale is a genus of flowering plants of the family Nymphaeaceae.
Description Vegetative characteristics
Euryale is an annual or perennial, rhizomatous, aquatic herb with erect, unbranched rhizomes.Euryale Salisbury. Flora of China @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2024, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=112398 The adaxial leaf surface is green, and features prickles at the veins. The abaxial leaf surface is violet and displays prominent, prickly venation.Henkel, F., Rehnelt, F., Dittmann, L. (1907). "Das Buch der Nymphaeaceen oder Seerosengewächse." pp.45-46. Deutschland: Henkel. The thin, sharp prickles are 3–11 mm long, and 1–2 mm wide at the base. Generative characteristics
The pedunculate, 5 cm wide flowers have prickly peduncles and sepals.Euryale ferox in Flora of China @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2024, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200007078 The flowers have four persistent sepals.Euryale Salisb. (n.d.). Flora of Pakistan @ efloras.org. Retrieved December 13, 2024, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=112398 The gynoecium consists of 7–16 carpels. The prickly fruit bears 8–20 black, arillate, spherical, ovate, obovate, or ellipsoidal 6-10 mm wide seeds with a hard, smooth, wrinkled,Hooker, J. D., Thomson, T. (1855). Flora Indica: Being a Systematic Account of the Plants of British India, Together with Observations on the Structure and Affinities of Their Natural Orders and Genera. pp. 244–245. Vereinigtes Königreich: Pamplin. gnarled, or irregularly ridged testa.
Taxonomy Publication It was published by Richard Anthony Salisbury in 1805. with Euryale ferox as the type species. Species It has one extant species: Euryale ferox Salisb. And several fossil species:
†Euryale akashiensis MikiTanai, T. (1961). "Neogene floral change of Japan." Jour. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Univ., Ser. 4, 11, 119-398. †Euryale bielorussica Wieliczk.Euryale bielorussica Wieliczk. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=15598D5C-7E64-43EC-8766-EDFF244B8F1F †Euryale carpatica SzaferEuryale carpatica Szafer (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=B5F532B5-110E-42F3-A683-828C3780329F †Euryale europaea C. A. WeberWeber, C. A. (1907). "22. C. A. Weber: Euryale europaea nov. sp. foss." Berichte Der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft, 150–157. †Euryale limburgensis C. & E. In. Reid.Euryale limburgensis C. & E. In. Reid. [family NYMPHAEACEAE]. (n.d.). JSTOR. Retrieved January 29, 2024, from https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.k000659202 †Euryale lissa ReidGoren-Inbar, N., Melamed, Y., Zohar, I., Akhilesh, K., & Pappu, S. (2014). "Beneath still waters–multistage aquatic exploitation of Euryale ferox (Salisb.) during the Acheulian." Internet Archaeol, 37(10.11141). †Euryale nodulosa C. & E. M. ReidMartinetto, E. (1998). "East Asian elements in the Plio-Pleistocene floras of Italy." In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Floristic Character Diversity of East Asian Plants (pp. 71-87). Berlin, Germany: Springer‐Verlag. †Euryale spinosa J.B. SimpsonEuryale spinosa J.B. Simpson (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=2A53E054-1014-0EAF-4F1D-1ABF9CD01C69Potonié R.(1970). Die fossilen Sporen. Ihre morphologische (phylogenetische) neben der morphographischen Ordnung. p. 115. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_i2jCHCNTCMYC/page/n113/mode/2up †Euryale sukaczevii Dorof. †Euryale tenuicostata Dorof. †Euryale ucrainica A.G. NegruEuryale ucrainica A.G. Negru (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=CCEBA1A8-527A-4A9E-BDEF-8C0D7C071433 †Euryale yunnanensis Y. Huang & Z. ZhouHuang, Y., Ji, X., Su, T., Wang, L., Deng, C., Li, W., ... & Zhou, Z. (2015). "Fossil seeds of Euryale (Nymphaeaceae) indicate a lake or swamp environment in the late Miocene Zhaotong Basin of southwestern China." Science Bulletin, 60(20), 1768-1777.
The placement of some of the fossil species is however disputed, as it has been proposed to move several species to the genus †Pseudoeuryale P.I. Dorof.Doweld A.B. 2022. New names of fossil Nymphaeaceae and allied forms. Geophytology 52(1&2): 1–28.
Evolutionary relationships Together with the genus Victoria, Euryale may be placed within the genus Nymphaea, rendering it paraphyletic in its current circumscription.Song, W., Shi, W., Wang, H., Zhang, Z., Tao, R., Liu, J., ... & Shi, C. (2024). Comparative analysis of 12 water lily plastid genomes reveals genomic divergence and evolutionary relationships in early flowering plants. Marine Life Science & Technology, 6(3), 425-441.He, D., Gichira, A. W., Li, Z., Nzei, J. M., Guo, Y., Wang, Q., & Chen, J. (2018). Intergeneric relationships within the early-diverging angiosperm family Nymphaeaceae based on chloroplast phylogenomics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(12), 3780.Loehne, C., Borsch, T., & Wiersema, J. H. (2007). Phylogenetic analysis of Nymphaeales using fast-evolving and noncoding chloroplast markers. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 154(2), 141-163.Roestel, J. A., Wiersema, J. H., Jansen, R. K., Borsch, T., & Gruenstaeudl, M. (2024). On the importance of sequence alignment inspections in plastid phylogenomics–an example from revisiting the relationships of the water‐lilies. Cladistics. The lineage of Euryale and Victoria diverged from the lineage of Nymphaea subg. Lotos and Nymphaea subg. Hydrocallis in the Miocene and subsequently the lineages of Euryale and Victoria diverged from each other also in the Miocene.
Cytology The chromosome count of Euryale ferox is 2n = 58.Wu, P., Zhang, L., Zhang, K., Yin, Y., Liu, A., Zhu, Y., ... & Li, L. (2022). "The adaptive evolution of Euryale ferox to the aquatic environment through paleo‐hexaploidization." The Plant Journal, 110(3), 627-645.
Ecology Habitat It occurs in ponds, lakes, rice fields, and marshes. Pollination Flies and solitary bees visit the flowers of Euryale ferox.Kadono, Y., & Schneider, E. L. (1987). The life history of Euryale ferox Salisb. in southwestern Japan with special reference to reproductive ecology. Plant Species Biology, 2(1‐2), 109-115.
Distribution Euryale is found in the area that stretches from Northern India to the Russian Far East and extends into temperate East Asia. Recently, it has also been recorded in Serbia, Europe. It was likely dispersed to Serbia through migrating birds.Živković, M., Pejčić, L., Paskaš, N., Bajić, A., Šipoš, Š., Perić, R., & Novakovic, B. (02 2023). "First recent record of Prickly Waterlily (Euryale ferox) Salisb. (Nymphaeaceae) in freshwaters of Europe."
Conservation The IUCN conservation status of Euryale ferox is least concern (LC).Zhuang, X. 2011. Euryale ferox. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T168756A6535154. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T168756A6535154.en. Accessed on 27 January 2024.
Fossil record Euryale seeds and prickles are well preserved in the fossil recordVillaret-von Rochow, M. (1958). Stacheln von Euryale sp. im norddeutschen Pleistozän : ein neues Interglazialfossil. Veröffentlichungen Des Geobotanischen Institutes Rübel in Zürich, 34. https://doi.org/10.5169/seals-308097 and pollen fossils are known as well.Simpson JB. XVI.–The Tertiary Pollen-Flora of Mull and Ardnamurchan. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 1961;64(16):421-468. doi:10.1017/S0080456800100407 Today, Euryale only occurs in the region spanning from Northern India to the Russian Far East, and extends to temperate East Asia but the fossil record shows it was once also present in central Europe.Kirchheimer, F. (1956). "Die Laubgewächse der Braunkohlenzeit." pp. 619-622. It is known from the Miocene of Poland, Russia, China, Germany, and the United Kingdom, from the Pliocene of the Netherlands, Poland, Germany,Mädler, K. (1939). Die pliozäne Flora von Frankfurt am Main. p. 93. Deutschland: Senckenbergische Naturforschende Ges..Thiel, C., Klotz, S., & Uhl, D. (2012). Palaeoclimate estimates for selected leaf floras from the late Pliocene (Reuverian) of Central Europe based on different palaeobotanical techniques. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 21(2), 263-287. and Italy,Manchester, S. R., CHEN, Z. D., LU, A. M., & Uemura, K. (2009). Eastern Asian endemic seed plant genera and their paleogeographic history throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 47(1), 1-42. and lastly, from the Pleistocene of Russia, Germany, Poland, Japan, China, Belgium,VANHOORNE, R. (2005). POLLEN ASSEMBLAGES, PLANT COMMUNITIES AND BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE LOWER PLEISTOCENE CAMPINE CLAY IN BELGIUM. Geologica Belgica. and Belarus.Величкевич, Ф. Ю. (1979). ИСТОРИЯ ПЛЕЙСТОЦЕНОВОЙ ФЛОРЫ СРЕДНЕЙ ПОЛОСЫ ВОСТОЧНО-ЕВРОПЕЙСКОЙ РАВНИНЫ. In Советская палеокарпология (итоги и перспективы) (pp. 76–121). НАУКА.
Use The seeds and petioles are used as food.Khapudang, R., Loukrakpam, L.C., Jadaun, S., Sharma, U., Siddiqui, S. (2024). Wild Edible and Wetland Plants of Manipur: Their Sustainable Food Usage. In: Thakur, M. (eds) Sustainable Food Systems (Volume I). World Sustainability Series. Springer, Cham.
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