Harpens kraft (Danish) or Harpans kraft, meaning "The Power of the Harp", is the title of a supernatural ballad type, attested in Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, and Icelandic variants.
In The Types of the Scandinavian Medieval Ballad it is catalogued type A 50, "Man saves his bride from merman by playing his harp".
The ballad type tells of a hero whose betrothed has premonitions of a fall from a bridge into the river, which despite the hero's assurances and precautions comes true. But by the power of his harp-playing, he regains his bride from the river creature, which is referred to as a "merman" in the TSB catalog: while "merman" () occurs in a variant, it is called a troll in the older Danish text, and a "neck (nix)" in the Swedish text.
The ballad of this type occur under the following titles. Danish: "Harpens kraft" (DgF 40); Swedish: "Harpans kraft" (SMB 22); Norwegian: Villemann og Magnhild (NMB 26); Gaute og Magnild and Guðmund og Signelita (Landstad 51 and 52), etc.; and Icelandic: Gautakvæði "Gauti's ballad" (IFkv 3).
Noted for its resemblance to the Greek myth of Orpheus, a harp-player with mystical powers, it may be related to medieval versions of that story such as the Middle English Sir Orfeo.Aðalheiður Guðmundsdóttir, 'Gunnarr and the Snake Pit in Medieval Art and Legend', Speculum, 87 (2012), 1015-49 (p. 1044); doi:10.1017/S0038713412003144; .The harp's effects on "Dyr og Fugle (beasts and birds)", etc. , citing Kittredge 187, Liestøl and Moe 91, Spring 45
Similarity has also been noted with the supernatural power of the harp in the Scottish ballad Glasgerion (Child ballad 67 variants B, C, "He'd harpit a fish out o saut water", etc.).
Common plot A bridegroom asks his betrothed why she is so sorrowful. At last she answers that she is going to fall into a river on her way to her wedding (as her sisters have done before her, in some Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish variants). The man promises to build a broad, strong bridge over the river, and he and his men will protect her. Despite all precautions taken, the maiden's horse stumbles (or rears up) while over the bridge, and she tumbles into the river. The man has his golden harp brought to him and plays so beautifully that the "merman" (Danish: nøkke; Swedish: neck) is forced to return his betrothed.
There exist Danish, Norwegian and Swedish variants where the water spirit restores the bride's two other sisters (or however many) who had been previously taken by the creature. The Icelandic version has a tragic ending, and the hero only recovers his bride's corpse.
A list of available translations of the ballads from various Scandinavian languages are given under English Translations below.
Danish version The Danish analogue is Harpens kraft (Danmarks gamle Folkeviser no. 40). There are six versions (DgF 40A–F), taken mostly from manuscripts such as Karen Brahes Folio of the 1570s (Variant A). There is a broadside copy dating to 1778 (designated variant E). Another recension (variant F) has Swedish provenance, being copied out of a manuscript written in 1693 by a Swede in Næsum parish, Skåne County, Sweden, but Grundtvig counted it as a Danish example since the language was Danish, and it was suitable for comparing with text E. In Danish variants, the troll ("throld(en)", DgF 40A; "trold(en)", D) is called havtroll (C), havmand (E), or vandman (F).
Translations under the title "The Power of the Harp" exist, including one by R. C. Alexander Prior (1860) and by George Borrow (1913, 1923).
Swedish version Geijer and Afzelius published three variants of Harpans kraft (GA 91, or in the later edition with Bergström, GAB 75).; Altogether, the Swedish form is attested in Sveriges Medeltida Ballader (SMB 22) in 49 variants (two of which are from Finland) from the 1690s onward (21 variants of which have melodies). It may be noted that the oldest variant included in SMB is the same as that catalogued as Danish ballad variant DgF 40F mentioned above, and which the early Swedish collectors concurred was a "half-Danish" specimen.
Geijer and Afzelius's first variant (GA 91.1=SMB 22 HIdentification of translation sources and SMB variant according to ) localized in Östergötland has been translated as "Power of the Harp" by Edward Vaughan Kenealy (1864). The third variant (GA 91.3 =SMB 22J) from Västergötland and Vermland was translated by Thomas Keightley in his "The Fairy Mythology" (1828).
In the first variant (Kenealy tr.), the hero and bride are anonymous and merely called "young swain" (ungersven) and maiden, whereas in the third variant (Keightley tr.) they are named "Peder" and "Liten Kerstin" respectively.
The name of the feared river may be given as Vernamo river (GA 1), Ringfalla (GA 3), or Renfalla, Vendels, etc. A version explains the bride's guardsmen abandoned her side to go hunting when they spotted a "hart with gilded horns" in Ringfalla woods (GA 3, Keightley's translation).
The motif of harp-playing which forces a supernatural being to act in a certain way is also found in Sveriges Medeltida Ballader 21 G of Ungersven och havsfrun (which also ends happily). Conversely, the plot of variant 20 L (Necken bejlare) is very similar to this ballad type, except that the bride's rescue by the harp has been deleted (and thus the ballad ends unhappily).
Norwegian version In Norway the ballad is generally known as Villemann og Magnhild and catalogued as Norske mellomalderballadar (NMB) no. 26. ed., Norske mellomalderballadar There are some 100 variants, although this count tallies up many fragmentary redactions only a few stanzas long.Variant 96 given in Villemann og Magnhild, Dokumentasjons-prosjektet
Some variants are known by other titles: Harpespelet tvingar nykken in Leiv Heggstad's collection, and two specimens called Gaute og Magnild and Guðmund og Signelita in the anthology compiled by Landstad (1853).
The version most often met in Norwegian songbooks today is Knut Liestøl and Moltke Moe's 32-stanza reconstructed text (1920).Liestøl, Moe edd. (1920) Norske Folkevisor, Kristiania, p. 76. A full translation is given in Heidi Støa's paper (2008). It resembles the 22-stanza text printed by Grundtvig (as a Norwegian variant to DgF 40c).Provided to Grundtvig by Sophus Bugge, transcribed by Hans Ross of Fyresdal, Telemark, in 1874.Variant 16 Hans Ross's 1874 ms. (BIN: 0536); Variant 23 Hans Ross's 1874 ms. (BIN: 0535);
Norwegian summary The Liestøl/Moe ballad begins as follows (the recurring "burden"Variants have different burdens altogether, and some employ a sort of double burden or a "inner refrain" (Cf. §Burden below). is italicized): 1. Villemann og hass møy så prud, dei leika gulltavl i hennar bur. Så liflig leika Villemann for si skjønn jomfru1. Villemann and his maid so fair played tafl game of gold in her bower."played at draughts" tr. Espeland; "game of golden pieces" tr. Støa So delightfully Villemann played for his maiden fair.
Villemann perceives that his beloved Magnill is weeping as the dice is cast while playing the board game (stanza 2). He makes a series of guesses why she is crying: "Cry you for fields, or cry you for meadows, etc.", and she replies she cries for none of these things (3 ~ 6). She cries because she knows she is destined for imminent death: her fair skin lying in the "darkling mould" (earth), her yellow hair rotting in "Vendel's river", having fallen from the "Blide bridge" like her sisters (7 ~ 9).
The remainder follows the typical pan-Scandinavian pattern, except for a final conclusion. Thus the hero's promise to fortify bridge with pillars of lead and steel, and men riding alongside her, her protest of futility (10 ~ 15), her horse (shod with horseshoes and nails of red gold) rearing up on hind legs, her fall into the river (16 ~ 18), Villemann's playing golden harp from golden case, his playing mounts with ever more wondrous effects on nature (19 ~ 26). Finally the nykkjen (nøkken) releases one, then two (of her arms?), and pleads to bring stillness to his waters. But the hero refuses, and "the shatters against the hard stone" (nykkjen han sprakk i hardan stein).
The full text of the version of Liestøl and Moltke Moe's reconstructed text is as follows:Liestøl and Moe edd. (920) Norske Folkevisor, Kristiania p. 76
Norwegian burdens The Liestøl/Moe text "Villeman og Magnill" features only the one burden "Så liflig leika Villemann for si skjønn jomfru" ("So delightfully Villemann played for his virgin so fair"), which is echoed by e.g. the Hans Ross versions. Other variants have a single burden though worded differently.
However, Espland likes to class "Villemann og Magnhild" as a type that features "interior refrain" and a "final burden" (in italics below): Villemann og hass møy så prud, hei fagraste lindelauvi alle, dei leika gulltavel i hennar bur. Ved de rone det lyst å vinne.Villemann and his maid so fair, Hey, all the leaves of the sweet linden tree, They played at draughts in her bower there. With the wiles ["rune"] that the winning beguiled. The "interior refrain" and "burden" are repeated in the second and last lines of each quatrain stanza, a common formula found in other ballads. They precisely match the refrains performed by Høye Strand (1891-1972), recorded by . Strand had learned from the ballad-singing tradition of singers who once performed for Jørgen Moe and Sophus Bugge. Here the de rone or rune is construed as "the spell", or "the wiles". Earlier transcribers heard these words as "dragonerne" (meaning "dragoon" or "firearm-bearing type of soldier"), and the contention has been made that this may have been the transmitted form, nonsensical as it appears to be. Still, the exact refrains including the use of "rune" are attested elsewhere in much earlier documents, e.g. Bugge's ms. of 1867Variant 29 Sophus Bugge's 1867 ms. [BIN: 0529]. Norwegian Folklore Society collection, ms. NFS S. Bugge c, 220 and others.Variant 17 Kjetil A. Flatin's ms. of 1914 [BIN: 0555]
Norwegian variations The scene of tavl (board game) being played by the two is not present in all versions. Instead, the playing of the gullharp by the hero occurs in the version performed by Strand and recorded by Myklebust.Variant 61, Rolf Myklebust's 1965 ms. (BIN: 0595)Variant 59, Rolf Myklebust's 1938 ms. (BIN: 0594)Other variants just mention "playing", or nothing corresponding at all.
In some variants, the gull element is seen in the hero's altered name: Gullmund, Guldmund, Gudmund, etc. The hero could be called Gaute also (which is close to the name of the hero in the Icelandic version). And Villemann may be seen under slightly different spellings: Villemand, Vellemand, Vilemann, even Wallemann.
The name "Vendel's river" ("Vendels å") occurs in Liestøl and Moe's version as well as the Grundtvig text, but may be replaced by other river names such as "Vendings" in variants."Vendings" in the version provided by Bugge, printed as variant to DgF 40C in "Vendings" in Landstad's No. 51 "Gaute og Magnild" The "Blide bridge" that ironically means "Blithe Bridge" features in Danish versions as well.Variant 33 Rikard Berge's 1913 transcript afterTalleiv Rudi, Fyresdal, Telemark.
Icelandic The analogue in Iceland is known as Gautakvæði "Gauti's ballad", for which Grundtvig and Sigurðsson printed a critical text based on variants A–D (Íslenzk fornkvæði no. 3).