The 1959 Soviet census conducted in January 1959 was the first post-World War II census held in the Soviet Union.
Background For a decade after World War II, there were no new population statistics released by the Soviet Union, and a proposal for a new Soviet census for 1949 was rejected by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. During this time, most Western experts estimated that the population of the Soviet Union was between 215 and 220 million people, but in June 1956 (after Stalin's death), the Soviet government announced that the country's population at that point was only 200,200,000.
Results The new census announced the Soviet Union's population to be 208,826,650, an increase of almost forty million from the results of the last (disputed) census from 1939. A majority of this population increase was due to the Soviet territorial expansion of the 1939–1945 time period, rather than due to natural population growth. The deficit of men to women in the total Soviet population massively increased between 1939 and 1959, in large part due to World War II. The Soviet Union acquired some additional territories (after its 1939 census) in 1939–1945 in what is now Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, the Baltic republics, Karelia, Tuva, and Kaliningrad Oblast. The Soviet Union was just 33% urban in 1939, but urbanized rapidly to become almost half (48%) urban in 1959.
The 1959 Soviet Union census reported populations in 126 nationality (ethnic group) categories, in comparison to only 97 categories in the 1939 census.The nationality categories reported in the census were based on a recoding from verbatim responses to a question on nationality. Census respondents were not provided with a list to choose from. Instead they simply were asked what is their nationality, as an open-ended question. See Brian D. Silver, "The Ethnic and Language Dimensions in Russian and Soviet Censuses," pp. 70–97 in Research Guide to Russian and Soviet Censuses, Ralph S. Clem, Ed., Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1986, pp. 70–97. Ethnic Russians still made up a majority of the Soviet population in 1959, but their percentage was smaller than in 1939 (again, partly due to the acquisition of mainly non-Russian territories in 1939–1945). Despite the acquisition of additional territories between these censuses, the Soviet Jewish population in 1959 (almost 2.3 million) was only about 75% of what it was in 1939, at least in large part due to the Holocaust. The populations of the Baltic Soviet Socialist Republics (which were heavily affected by World War II) did not change much between 1939 and 1959, with Lithuania actually experiencing a population decline during this time period. During the same time, the population of the Russian SFSR (which was heavily affected by World War II) increased by less than ten percent. The population increase in Ukraine and Byelorussia between 1939 and 1959 was completely or almost completely due to the Soviet territorial expansions of 1939–1940. Without these territorial expansions, Ukraine's population would have only barely increased and Belarus's population would have actually decreased between 1939 and 1959. The Central Asian and Caucasian Soviet Socialist Republics experienced large population increases between 1939 and 1959 despite the fact that they did not acquire any new territories during this time period.
This census is also noteworthy as being the first census to classify Brest Region population as Belorussians. Ukrainian SSR
City ranking
Moscow – 5,045,905 Leningrad – 3,321,196 Kiev – 1,104,334 Gor’ky – 941,962 Kharkiv – 934,136 Tashkent – 911,930 Novosibirsk – 885,045 Kuybyshev – 806,356 Sverdlovsk – 778,602 Stalino – 704,821 Tbilisi – 694,664 Chelyabinsk – 689,049 Odessa – 667,182 Dnepropetrovsk – 661,547 Baku – 652,507 Kazan – 646,806 Perm – 629,118 Rostov-on-Don – 599,542 Stalingrad – 593,844 Omsk – 581,108 Riga – 580,423 Ufa – 546,878 Minsk – 509,500 Yerevan – 509,340
Ethnic groups Russians – 114,113,579 Ukrainians – 37,252,930 Byelorussians – 7,913,488 Uzbeks – 6,015,416 Tatars – 4,917,991 Kazakhs – 3,621,610 Azerbaijanis – 2,939,728 Armenians – 2,786,912 Georgians – 2,691,950 Lithuanians – 2,326,094 Jews – 2,266,334 Moldovans – 2,214,139 Germans – 1,619,655 Chuvash people – 1,469,766 Latvians – 1,399,539 Tajiks – 1,396,939 Poles – 1,380,282 Mordvins – 1,285,116 Turkmens – 1,001,585 Bashkirs – 989,040 Estonians – 988,616 Kyrgyz people – 968,659
References