Defence of the Realm Act 1914

The Defence of the Realm Act 1914 (4 & 5 Geo. 5. c. 29; DORA) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed on 8 August 1914, four days after the country entered the First World War. It was added to as the war progressed. It gave the government wide-ranging powers during the war, such as the power to requisition buildings or land needed for the war effort, and to make regulations creating criminal offences.

DORA ushered in a variety of authoritarian social control mechanisms, such as censorship: "No person shall by word of mouth or in writing spread reports likely to cause disaffection or alarm among any of His Majesty's forces or among the civilian population"Defence of the Realm (No. 2) Regulations, 1914, s. 4, at Anti-war activists, including John MacLean, Willie Gallacher, John William Muir, and Bertrand Russell, were sent to prison. The film, The Dop Doctor, was prohibited under the act by the South African government with the justification that its portrayal of Boers during the Siege of Mafeking would antagonise Afrikaners.

The activities no longer permitted included flying kites, starting bonfires, buying binoculars, feeding wild animals bread, discussing naval and military matters and buying alcohol on public transport. Alcoholic drinks were watered down and pub opening times were restricted to 12 noon–3pm and 6:30pm–9:30pm. (The requirement for an afternoon gap in permitted hours lasted in England until the Licensing Act 1988.)

In 1920 DORA was extended to deal with the violence in Ireland (see Irish War of Independence) with the Restoration of Order in Ireland Act 1920 (10 & 11 Geo. 5. c. 31). Section 3(6) of that act allowed military authorities to jail any Irish person without charge or trial and was repealed in 1953.McGuffin, John (1973), Internment!, Anvil Books Ltd, Tralee, Ireland, pg 33.

Purpose

Like most wartime acts, the Defence of the Realm Act was designed to help prevent potential invasion and to keep homeland morale at a high. It imposed censorship of journalism and of letters coming home from the front line. The press was subject to controls on reporting troop movements, numbers or any other operational information that would potentially be exploited by the Central Powers. People who breached the regulations with intent to assist the enemy or not would have been sentenced to death. 10 people were executed under the regulations.

Amendments Section 1(1) of the act read as follows:Defence of the Realm Act, The National Archives

The original act was amended and extended six times over the course of the war,Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) in The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History, Dr Spencer C. Tucker, vol. 2, pp 341–2. first on 28 August 1914 by the (4 & 5 Geo. 5. c. 63), then on 27 November 1914 by the Defence of the Realm Consolidation Act 1914 (5 & 6 Geo. 5. c. 8), which repealed and replaced the previous acts. It was amended three times in 1915, by the (5 & 6 Geo. 5. c. 34), the (5 & 6 Geo. 5. c. 37) and the (5 & 6 Geo. 5. c. 42).

The Defence of the Realm Consolidation Act 1914 (5 & 6 Geo. 5. c. 8) contained the following:

Similar legislation + Emergency wartime/postwar legislation by era and jurisdictionEraJurisdictionLegislationWorld War I War Precautions Act War Measures Act 1914 Defence of India Act 1915 Espionage Act of 1917; Sedition Act of 1918Post-WWI Emergency Powers Act 1920; Restoration of Order in Ireland Act 1920World War II National Resources Mobilization Act Emergency Powers Act 1939 Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939; Treachery Act 1940

Defence of the Realm Act 1914

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