Pepelyaev (masculine, ) or Pepelyaeva (feminine, ), sometimes transliterated as Pepelyayev, is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Alexei Pepelyayev (born 1984), Russian ice hockey player Anatoly Pepelyayev (1891–1938), Russian general Viktor Pepelyayev (1885–1920), Russian politician Yevgeny Pepelyaev (1918–2013), Soviet Air Force officer and Korean War flying ace