Old Maidism Versus Marriage is a short story by Susan Petigru King from her collection Busy Moments of an Idle Woman (New York: Appleton, 1853). In comparison to similar works from King's Southern contemporaries, the story is atypical in both form and content. King achieves this by including a series of six epistolary narratives within a traditional third-person omniscient narrative to sharply criticize both the institution of marriage and the behaviors of aristocratic Southern housewives.
Plot
Part I
On December 22, 1837, seven young Charleston belles are gathered in Mrs. Bloomfield's Oak Forest estate to celebrate the Christmas holidays. While waiting for their suitors to return from a nearby visit to Colonel Hunscome's, Caroline Bloomfield offers her “silver étui” to any girl who can create a suitable and entertaining form of distraction. The winning suggestion, proffered by Laura Stanley, dictates these seven women to compose and sign a shared contract. It stipulates that all the women must meet again, at the same house, ten years in the future, to share a bottle of Maraschino and celebrate their single status. Any woman who has since been married is not required to attend, but in their stead they must send a letter describing their lives as “wives or widows.”King, Busy Moments 226. All of the following "King" footnotes, except for Sylvia and Lily, refer to this text.
The seven girls are characterized as such:
Caroline Bloomfield: The protagonist, daughter of Mrs. Bloomfield. The most beautiful of the seven, Caroline is an “accomplished coquette” with a “spark of diablerie in her bright eye.” Caroline wears a braided black plait which “crowned her queenly brow with a natural tiara.” Laura Stanley: Caroline's best friend, not a traditional beauty, but “handsome nevertheless from her air of intelligence, fashion and elegance.” Laura attends to the conversation while reading over the Charleston Courier. Fanny Stanley: Laura's younger sister. She bears “an air of languor very seldom visible in this prettiest of pretty creatures.” Adelaide Clifton: A musician, Adelaide is “more striking than delicate in her appearance,” and “more like a Northern belle than a Southern gracieuse.” Louise Merrington: Described as a “soft, gentle maiden, with great blue eyes, luxuriant fair hair, a lovely figure, a sweet yielding smile, and rather sentimental and moonshiny altogether.” Julia Merrington: Louise's cousin, “very fairy-like” with “such a mischievous mouth.” Annie Hamilton: Another beauty, Annie is considered “with the exception of their young hostess [Caroline], the handsomest of all.”King 220-22.
Part II
Ten years later, on December 4, 1847, Caroline Bloomfield attends a large party in Charleston with her beau, the handsome Edward Allingham. The narrator pauses to focus in on Allingham's eyes:
Edward is pressing Caroline for an answer to the question of marriage, but Caroline reminds him he must wait until December 23. She must return to Oak Forest the day before, to drink a bottle of Maraschino alone and read the testimonies of her six friends – all of whom are now married. Caroline has “determined to let my decision abide by what I can gather and judge from this trial.”King 233.
Part III
Caroline reads the contents of the six letters, and much to her despair they are each rather depressing:
Laura Stanley: Her husband, Robert Leslie, has become loaded with debt. Since Mr. Leslie “does not fancy books,” Laura rarely reads or writes, and her harp has been “banished to the barn” so that she may focus on domestic responsibilities. She has a saddle-horse, “but Mr. Leslie likes his gait so much, that he generally rides him himself.”King 236-37. Adelaide Clifton: Her “liege lord” John Gilmore has forced her to give up playing piano, for he says “a woman becomes too much public property when she has people racing after her to listen to her playing and singing … a good housekeeper had better be in her kitchen than practicing love ditties.” She has not attended a party in three years, since her husband now hates them, and “it is not the style in this place for married women to go much into company.”King 239-40. Louise Merrington: Louise has married Harry Radnor and moved West. There she finds “every thing dismal and wretched. No neighbors; no society; a church ten miles off, and the nearest city fifty. Our house was small, dirty, unfurnished.” Harry is now “wedded to his own notions: in short, if truth must be out, he is dreadfully stubborn; horribly afraid of being ruled by his wife.”King 241-42. Julia Merrington: Her husband, Edward Calvert, has died three years prior and “left me penniless and burthened with the care of two children.” She now works as a teacher.King 243. Fanny Stanley: Fanny's letter is overwhelmed by the questions and misbehaving of her six children, who claw for the paper and spill ink on her work. It ends with “the children are calling me, and baby is crying at the height of his voice; so in haste, adieu.”King 245. Annie Hamilton: Annie discusses a short story she has recently finished reading by Honoré de Balzac. The plot is strikingly similar to Annie's predicament: Balzac's Julie has been asked to describe, through letter, her marriage with a “M. le Colonel.” Julie's description is “ever miserable … the picture was far from flattering to the male sex in general.”King 247. Just after Julie finishes her letter, M. le Colonel's aunt enters and reads her work. Her aunt's response, which Annie paraphrases in French, is translated thus: "My little girl, a married woman cannot write such a letter as this to a young unmarried woman; it is scarcely proper. If a dish at table is not to our taste, there is no occasion to disgust others with it, child, especially when marriage has seemed to us all, from Eve downwards, so excellent an institution."A Woman of Thirty. Julie throws her letter into a fire. Annie admits to Caroline she has now failed to describe her marriage as promised. Per their signed contract, she promises to send Caroline a diamond solitaire, which “may, perchance, prove a wedding gift.”King 248.
Having received all six grave responses, Caroline, now “perplexed, tormented, saddened, [and] uncertain what to do,” asks her sister-in-law Dora Bloomfield for advice. Dora provides an unvarnished truth:
Dora places pen and paper before Caroline, and commands her to write her final decision to Edward. In an act of fortuitous dramatic timing, Edward, along with Caroline's mother and brother, enters into the room. Caroline rises to meet them, but Dora speaks first: “Your own hand has penned the answer, my uncertain and doubting sister. While I was delivering my long peroration, your trembling fingers have first written on Annie Atherton’s letter, ‘Dearest Edward,’ and then, ‘Mrs. Edward Allingham.’ I proclaim our blushing Caroline wooed and won.”King 254.
All parties embrace, and “so ends the tableau and this history.”King 254.
Themes & Analysis
Northern Versus Southern Women
Juxtaposed against the weaknesses of its six Southern writer-wives, "Old Maidism Versus Marriage"'s strongest voice is Dora Bloomfield, the Northern sister-in-law of Caroline. Her monologue on marriage occupies three pages, the end of which includes a biting attack on Southern matrons: "Southern women are apt to be either slaves or tyrants; and themselves aid in making their husbands despots or Jerry Sneaks. They have such a trick of losing their own individuality in the imposing grandeur of the 'he' and 'him' who is the arbiter of their destiny."King 253. While each Southern woman appears burdened by marriage, Dora looks "small and graceful as a fairy, and pretty as a dream, exquisitely dressed, with a certain set about her whole person and attire that spoke the admired belle."King 250. Dora bears no marks of weariness or poverty. Her proffered playthings towards her infant son, Jim, suggest an overabundance of wealth: first Dora "flung him her embroidered handkerchief to tear to pieces," then she is seen "loosing a gorgeous bracelet from her wrist."King 249-250. Dora's characterization, behavior, and wisdom complement a brief earlier description of a party scene, in Part II, wherein a "witty Northern belle, of course, attracted the most attention."King 229.
King herself took several extended trips North (including her education in Philadelphia as a young girl), and expressed her dislike for the South and its "stupid, self-sufficient, wearisome styles of [its] young ladies ... who have not three ideas, who spoil a little French, who play a little music, and have not a grain of agreeability."King, Susan Petigru. Letter to Adèle Theresa Allston. 26 August 1849. Quoted in Mace 62. Contrary to common beliefs of Southern pride created by 19th-century political conflicts, King, never a politic, saw the North as feminist safe haven, where she could escape from her disintegrating marriage and her domestic and child-rearing responsibilities, and pursue more openly her attractions to other men. New York City, in particular, was a place King felt she could "take a peep out of our confined limits [and] ... spread my wings ever so little," a possibility which seemed "so utterly unrealizable" in Charleston.King, Susan Petigru. Letter to Adèle Theresa Allston. 3 October 1849. Quoted in Moore 134-35.
French Language
The over-abundance of untranslated French in King's work is intriguing, considering her early education at Madame Talvande's in Charleston. Young King chafed against the requirement of constant French in both instructional and conversational dialogue, where she was commanded to "Parlez Francais Mademoiselle vous parlez toujours Anglais" ("you always speak English, you must speak French").King, Susan Petigru. Letter to Adèle Theresa Allston. 4 August 1835. Quoted in Pease, Family 44. In her later life, however, King avidly read French literature, particularly contemporary French female novelist and fellow-iconoclast George Sand. She translated four French short stories for Russell's Magazine, and later worked as a foreign-language clerk in the Washington Post Office.
Biographical Allusions
For additional Petigru family history and references, see James L. Petigru
The problems of "Old Maidism Versus Marriage"'s six writer-wives are reflected repeatedly in both King's immediate and extended family. Her aunt Adèle Theresa Allston, like Fanny, had nine children over twenty years. Aunt Jane Gilbert North, like Julia, was left widowed and impoverished by the death of her husband, and also turned to teaching. Uncle Jack Petigru, like Louise's husband, moved West and struggled under poverty. Aunt Mary Petigru, like Laura, felt isolated on her rural farm and unappreciated by brother James. Sister Caroline Carson, like Adelaide, found her artistic abilities stunted by a verbally (and for Caroline, physically) abusive husband.
None of the characters are necessarily direct translations of real people (although her family's views on King's writing suggests otherwise), but they rather represent the larger spectrum of social dysfunction occurring in early-to-mid 19th-century Charleston. The inherent encouragement of domestic violence by the South's system of slavery, coupled with Charleston's economic decline throughout the 19th-century, produced marriages marked by financial ruin, strained relationships, slave affairs, substance abuse, and spousal abuse. King, in childhood and adulthood, directly experienced all five of these tribulations.
Early Realism