Ecomusicology is an area of study that explores the relationships between music or sound and the natural environment.Allen, A. S. and Dawe, K. "Ecomusicologies", p. 2 in Allen and Dawe. It is a study which encompasses a variety of academic disciplines, including musicology, biology, ecology and anthropology. Ecomusicology combines these disciplines to explore how sound is produced by natural environments and, more broadly, how cultural values and concerns about nature are expressed through sonic mediums.Guyette, M. Q. and Post, J. C. "Ecomusicology, Ethnomusicology, and Soundscape Ecology", pp. 40–45 in Allen and Dawe Ecomusicology explores the ways that music is composed to replicate natural imagery, as well as how sounds produced within the natural environment are used within musical composition. Ecological studies of sounds produced by animals within their habitat are also considered to be part of the field of ecomusicology.Boyle, W.A. and Waterman, E. "The Ecology of Musical Performance: Towards a Robust Performance," pp. 26–33 in Allen and Dawe In the 21st century, studies within the field of ecomusicology have also become increasingly interested in the sustainability of music production and performance.
Ecomusicology is concerned with the study of music, culture, and nature, and considers musical and sonic issues, both textual and performative, related to ecology and the natural environment. It is, in essence, a mixture of ecocriticism and musicology (rather than "ecology" and "musicology"), in Charles Seeger's holistic definition. Ecomusicology is regarded as a field of research rather than a specific academic discipline.Allen, A. S. and Dawe, K. "Ecomusicologies", p. 10 in Allen and Dawe Because ecomusicology focuses on a vast variety of disciplines as well as areas of research, it can be imagined as a space in which studies of sound in relation with the environment are conducted.Allen, A. S. and Dawe, K. "Ecomusicologies", p. 3 in Allen and Dawe
Ecomusicology's relevance to such a wide range of other research areas is exactly what makes it somewhat ambiguous to define. On one hand, ecomusicology is a unique field of research which helps to make connections between a variety of music-related and environmental studies. Yet, by functioning as a collective term, it is often difficult to frame ecomusicology within a static set of descriptive definitions. Musicologist Aaron S. Allen, the author of multiple published works on ecomusicology, defines ecomusicology as "the study of music, culture, and nature in all the complexities of those terms. Ecomusicology considers musical and sonic issues, both textual and performative, related to ecology and the natural environment."
Background Ecomusicology as a field of study is often traced back to musical composer and environmentalist R. Murray Schafer who used the term to explain the sonic nature of particular physical environments or soundscapes. The idea of sound or music as something which creates or captures a particular atmosphere was initially professed by Murray R. Schafer through his development of the concept of soundscape ecology in the late 1970s.Schafer, p. 65. Schafer used this term to encompass the vast acoustic environment which constitutes all the varied sounds audible to the human ear. A soundscape might entail, for example, all audible sounds heard within a specific area of land, such as a mountain range, a forest or a field.Shevock, p. 59.
From the 1970s, there has been an increase in interest in the term ecomusicology, which was established as a term in the early 21st century in North American and Scandinavian circles. As a field, ecomusicology was created out of a common area of interest between the fields of ecocriticism and musicology, expressed by a range of scholars and artists such as composers, acoustic ecologists, ethnomusicologists, biomusicologists, and others.
Ecomusicology embraces what is today considered the field of historical musicology, ethnomusicology, and related interdisciplinary fields, which, while at the same time enabling specialists within each of these fields to interact with academics in the other fields in their approach, also provides individuals with flexibility to approach an ecocritical study of music through a variety of disciplines and fields.
In 2011, the Society for Ethnomusicology established an Ecomusicology Special Interest Group (ESIG).The Society for Ethnomusicology, "Special Interest Group for Ecomusicology". 2011.
In October 2012, the first international ecomusicology conference took place in New Orleans, U.S.
Sustainability and environmental ethics
Ecomusicology considers aspects of environmental sustainability within music production and performance. For example, the relationship between the demand for a certain musical instrument as well as the costs and impacts of its production has been an area of interest for Ecomusicologists investigating the sustainability of the consumption and production of music or musical instruments.Ryan, R. "No Tree-No Leaf: Applying Resilience Theory to Eucalypt-Derived Musical Tradition," p. 57 in Allen and Dawe This includes the impact which the demand for musical instruments, merchandise or live experiences such as concerts has on the natural environment. Music-Journalist and Anthropologist Mark Pedelty, has written on the Ecomusicological relationship between human musical activities and the health of the environment.Pedelty, p. 26 Having written about the pollutive impacts that international music touring often has on the environment, Pedelty explores Ecomusicological concerns of ethicality regarding the production of carbon emissions created by vehicles used to a move band members, instruments and/or any extensive staging or crew.
Part of ecomusicology's investigation of environmental ethics, is the ways in which discussions around projects of sustainability are positioned within popular music and media. In 2010, music magazine Rolling Stone compiled a list of "The 15 Most Eco-Friendly Rockers", selecting artists based on various criteria regarding their support or consideration for the environment within their musical practice."Culture-Lists: The 15 Most Eco-Friendly Rockers". Rolling Stone Magazine, 16 December 2010 This included assessments of the amount of money donated to environmentally sustainable causes, or an artist's effort to perform and act in carbon-neutral ways.Pedelty, p. 31 Some of the artists included Green Day for their work with the Natural Resources Defence Council, as well as hip-hop group The Roots for hosting multiple music events aimed at promoting social and environmental awareness.
Environmental activism and ecocriticism
A key area of focus for studies within ecomusicology is the ways in which sound and music are used to create or express concerns about the environment. Jeff Todd Titon has described ecomusicology, which focuses more on conceptual aspects of ecocriticism as "the study of music, culture, sound and nature in a period of environmental crisis." The occurrence of live music events aimed at promoting awareness about environmental destruction and climate change is one area in which ecomusicology continues to be engaged.
Numerous music events including Live Earth in 2007 and, more recently, Make It Rain (Australia, 2020)"Make It Rain: Fund the Firies 2020", Make It Rain Group, accessed 24 April 2020 among others, have either been involved in promoting climate-change awareness, or to raising funds for the alleviation of the effects of climate change on humans and animals.Pedelty, p. 24 The investigation of eco-friendly organisations such as Reverb is also relevant to Ecomusicological inquiry. These organisations are often aimed at working with artists to reduce or offset the carbon footprint of their performance and touring emissions, as well as engaging audiences in environmental activism by reducing waste production at music events."About: About Us". Reverb Organisation, accessed 24 April 2020
Ecomusicology also considers the relationships between music or sound, and the promotion of ideas surrounding environmental activism. Ecomusicologists may for example examine the conceptual basis of songs written specifically about environmental degradation or, consider how and to what effect the use of simple short, repetitive vocal chants may assist in voicing the environmental concerns central to projects of climate activism.Shevock, p. 57. The ways in which music has been used to prompt social and political action to protect the environment is of notable relevance to the focuses of ecomusicology at large.
Representations of the natural world
Ecomusicology investigates the creation of music which attempts to reflect or capture feelings or experiences provoked by the natural environment. Experiences of nature which are often expressed through poetry or art, are frequently analysed within ecomusicology to identify the cognitive and emotional impacts which specific sounds might have on humans.Titon, J. T. "Why Thoreau?," pp. 69–76 in Allen and Dawe
Ecology Ecomusicology is often closely paired with the study of ecology, assisting in the analysis of the behavioural patterns of animals and ecosystems through the investigation of sound data. Ecological studies of bird and the characteristics of their song, have revealed ways in which sounds and spaces in their natural environment have shaped certain behaviours. Here, ecomusicology applies concepts related to sound and music theory with research regarding animal behaviours to reveal information about how sound is manipulated by animals in relation to their environment.
By measuring musicological qualities such as volume, pitch and frequency within a particular bird's song, Ecologists have discovered that certain birds will sing louder in noisier, built-environments compared to birds of the same species found in rural environments. Similarly, some birds may pitch their song differently in order to be heard across greater distances or more densely vegetative, and therefore more sound-absorbent environments. Other ecological studies on non-human animals include research on whale vocalization as well as the acoustics of bat and insect communication otherwise known as biophonics.
Research methods Ecomusicology utilises both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection, however, the type of data as well as methods of data collection vary depending on what the subject of study may be. Ecomusicological research aimed at understanding aspects of social engagement with ecocritism might for example primarily involve the use of qualitative data collected through interviews and field research of particular social events. Conversely, research regarding the communicative behaviours of certain animal species would likely be pursued through a comparison of quantitative data collected through audio recordings of a specific environment.
Environment-focused Ecomusicological field research of animal behaviours within a particular environment often includes methods of passive recording/listening. This is usually undertaken with the use of multi-directional Microphone which are often hidden and left within a species' habitat to record the array of sounds created in its environment. Hydrophones (microphones that can be submerged beneath water) may also be used to collect sound data from marine environments. By replaying passive (data collected without being present at the source) recordings, Ecologists are able to study the amount, frequency and variation of a particular sound within that environment to reveal insights about the population or behaviours of a particular animal species.
Human-focused