Yohannes IV (Tigrinya: ዮሓንስ ፬ይ Rabaiy Yōḥānnes; horse name Abba Bezbiz also known as Kahśsai; born Lij Kahssai Mercha; 11 July 1837 – 10 March 1889) was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1871 to his death in 1889 at the Battle of Gallabat, and king of Tigray from 1869 to 1871. During his reign he successfully defended Ethiopia against a large-scale Egyptian invasion.
In his earlier years, he rebelled against Tewodros II; having risen to power in the 1860s, he maintained the policy of Tewodros, that of continued unification and also implemented a policy of touring entire regions and meetings with governors. He assisted the British in their British expedition to Abyssinia which ended in Tewodros' suicide, from which Yohannes was rewarded in ammunition and artillery. He regarded Islam as a hindrance to the stability of the state and worked to strengthen Christian dominance in Ethiopia. Its estimated that he had converted 550,000 Oromos and Jebertis to Christianity. In foreign policy, he had disagreements and military conflicts with both Isma'il Pasha of the Khedivate of Egypt and Muhammad Ahmad during the latter's Mahdist War.
Origin and early life On the side of his father, Mercha Wolde Kidan, Yohannes descended from the ruling family of Tembien where both his father and grandfather bore the traditional title of šum Tembien, while his mother, Silas Dimtsu, was a daughter of balgäda Demtsu of Enderta and Tabotu Woldu of Agame, hence a niece of Sabagadis Woldu. He thus descended from the ruling families of Tembien, Agame, and Enderta. Yohannes Solomonic lineage is through his paternal grandmother Woizero Workewoha KaleKristoss of Adwa, the granddaughter of Ras Mikael Sehul and his wife Aster Iyasu, daughter of Empress Mentewab and Melmal Iyasu, who was a Solomonic prince and nephew of Emperor Bakaffa. Therefore yohannes is descended from the Gondrar-Branch of the Solomonic dynasty.
The first half of his life is poorly documented, with the date of his birth given between 1831 and 1837. The available sources indicate that he was the youngest of his siblings, that he had a seriously ailing childhood, that he received some church education, and that he was initiated to manhood after killing some wild animals (lions and/or elephants) for trophies. The first mention of his appearance in the political arena comes up in connection with his visit to the imperial court of Tewodros II in 1864–1865 in the company of his brothers, Gugsa and Maru. Gugsa was given the title of däjazmač, and Maru that of fit’awrari. The lowest title, of balambaras, was bestowed upon Kaśa, who was subsequently assigned to administer a sub-district within the governorship of his elder brother, Gugsa.
Shortly after their return to Tigray, Kaśa rebelled against the rule of Tewodros. What prompted his rebellion is not well established. Often two explanations, which are not essentially contradictory, are forwarded by the sources: the first is related to his dissatisfaction with the rank and function given to him by the sovereign, while the second interprets his rebellion as a response to the appeal of abunä Salama who in 1867 wrote from prison to many notables condemning his perceived injustices of Tewodros. In any case, for some time he (together with his followers) retired to the eastern lowlands and found refuge among the Afar, from which ethnic group he married a Muslim after she had been baptized with the name Tebaba Sellasie.
Returning to the highlands, he raised more men and began his military campaign: in the years 1864–1867, he consecutively defeated šum seraye Gebre Mikael, däjazmač Barya'u Gebre Sadeq of Adwa and däjazmač Tekle Giyorgis Qalos of Shire. Barya'u transferred his allegiance to Kaśa whom he served faithfully until he was killed in a battle some ten years later. Tekle Giyorgis (who had killed Kaśa's mother, Silass) fell in battle, and Kaśa subsequently assumed his title of däjazmač. Kaśa then formed an alliance with wag šum Gobez Gebre Medhin of Lasta against Tewodros and began to harass the imperial representatives on both sides of the Mareb River. He defeated the governors of Selewa and Kilte Awulaelo. In Hamasien, däjazmač Haylu Tewolde Medhen, who contemplated resistance, was confined and replaced with däjazmač (later ras) Woldemichael Solomon who had actively participated in Kaśa's military campaign against the imperial officials in Tigray. A French explorer described him as:The Negus of Ethiopia is a man of great strength of body, and energy of mind, as well as force of will. He is about forty years of age, of middle height, but sinewy and muscular; with most aristocratic hands and feet, although, like his subjects, he marches with bare feet, placing only his great toe in the stirrup, when on horseback, in Abyssinian fashion. His face is oval, with high forehead, large restless eyes, an aquiline nose and wide mouth. His skin is not black, but of a dark olive tint; his hair plaited in an infinite number of small tresses, carefully knotted together at the nape of the neck with a silken cord. He looks more like a Greek or Portuguese than an African. In anger his eyes blaze like burning coals. In speech he is brief, clear and persuasive.
Rise to power The imperial ambitions of Behaile Selassie are consolidated towards the end of the reign of Tewodros II; as early as 1867, he presented himself, during a correspondence with the British, as ruler of Ethiopia.Harold G. Marcus, A History of Ethiopia, University of California Press, 2002, . During the same year, a diplomatic dispute between Tewodros and the British government led the expedition to Abyssinia in order to free the European captives imprisoned there by Tewodros. From February 1868, Yohannes came into contact with British officers, including the commander of the expedition, Sir Robert Napier, who sends Major James Augustus Grant, a British explorer, to meet the ruler of Tigray.Harold G. Marcus, The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913, Lawrenceville, Red Sea Press, 1995, . Yohannes is then perceived by James as a “weak and easily manipulated man, aspiring to become a great leader of Ethiopia."Major Trevenen J. Holland et Captain Henry Hozier, Record of the Expedition to Abyssinia, Londres, 1870, i. 394; cité dans Harold G. Marcus, The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913, . After three hearings, Yohannes officially agrees to help Napier. This then facilitates the provisioning of the troops by installing markets near the main camp sites. Yohannes assures the British that he will help them “with all [his] power."Major Trevenen J. Holland et Captain Henry Hozier, Record of the Expedition to Abyssinia, Londres, 1870, i. 396; cité dans Harold G. Marcus, The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913, .
Yohannes undertakes to protect the supply routes from the coast to Magdala and to repress those who disturb the telegraph.Harold G. Marcus, The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913, Lawrenceville, Red Sea Press, 1995, . In return, Yohannes asked Napier during a meeting on February 28, 1868, for the participation of British forces in his fight against Wagshum Gobeze.Major Trevenen J. Holland et Captain Henry Hozier, Record of the Expedition to Abyssinia, Londres, 1870, i. 415; cité dans Harold G. Marcus, The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913, . Napier refused but maintained the possibility, after the campaign, of military assistance which Yohannes and his 10,000 men greatly needed. On April 10, 1868, the expeditionary force arrived at the foot of Magdala and, three days later, after refusing to surrender to the British, the Nəgusä nägäst Tewodros II committed suicide. Napier's victory and the ease with which the expedition reached Magdala was made possible by Yohannes. The British officers themselves admit that they were "lucky" to have obtained the cooperation of the leader of Tigray.Major Trevenen J. Holland et Captain Henry Hozier, Record of the Expedition to Abyssinia, Londres, 1870, i. 416; cité dans Harold G. Marcus, The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913, . A report written by one of the British officers stating that: “The British army could not have reached Magdala during this season, without having received the help of the chiefs and the people of the country”.Major Trevenen J. Holland et Captain Henry Hozier, Record of the Expedition to Abyssinia, Londres, 1870, ii. 50; cité dans Harold G. Marcus, The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913, .
In return for the help that Yohannes provided the British, he received military equipment, estimated at 500,000 Pounds sterling, including: six mortars, six howitzers, approximately 900 muskets and rifles, ammunition, powder and 585,480 primers percussion.Great Britain, House of Commons, Report from the Select Committee on the Abyssinian War, (London, 1869), et Major Trevenen J. Holland et Captain Henry Hozier, Record of the Expedition to Abyssinia, Londres, 1870, ii. 95-6; cité dans Harold G. Marcus, The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913, . This armament is added to the already important arsenal of Yohannes.Harold G. Marcus, A History of Ethiopia, University of California Press, 2002, . After the Magdala expedition, the British disengaged completely and Yohannes' offers of cooperation were rejected or ignored. Even after his seizure of imperial power, he failed to arouse the interest of the British.Bahru Zewde, A History of Modern Ethiopia, 1855-1991, James Currey, Londres, 2002, . Nevertheless, the Napier expedition had an impact on the struggle for power; in addition to military equipment, a British instructor, John C. Kirkham, agrees to stay in Ethiopia to train the troops of Yohannes. He is responsible for training the troops of Yohannes and preparing them for the use of modern weapons received from the British.John C. Kirkham, lettre à l’éditeur, The Times, 27 juillet 1871; cité dans Harold G. Marcus, The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913, . According to the Historian Bahru Zewde, the combination of new weapons and the training provided by John Kirkham determined the fight against Tekle Giyorgis.
Following the death of Tewodros, Gobeze Gebre Medhin, had himself crowned as nəgusä nägäst Tekle Giyorgis II. He successfully suppressed rebellions of ras Wolde Maryam of Begemender and Fares Ali of Yejju. Yohannes however, refused to acknowledge the new metropolitan abunä Atnatewos II sent from Alexandria in June 1869, and kept him in his dominion.Paul B. Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia (New York: Palgrave, 2000), p. 146 However, Tekle Giyorgis is not fooled and he quickly understands Yohannes' intentions. Although having a much larger army in numbers, Tekle Giyorgis does not have the modern weapons which Yohannes have. In addition to that, his troops include many soldiers from Tigray and he fears their change of camp in favor of Yohannes.Harold G. Marcus, The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913, Lawrenceville, Red Sea Press, 1995, . Thus, Tekle Giyorgis seeks the collaboration of Menelik in order to consolidate a purely numerical advantage. However, the Negus of Shewa refuses to join in the fight, preferring to see the two great Warlords confront each other and tire each other. Finally, on 11 July 1871, Tekle Giyorgis confronted Kaśa in the Battle of Adwa, but was defeated and confined to Enda Abba Selma, Tembien, where he would die two years later.
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