Among Christians, there are those who believe in a conversion of the Jews to Christianity en masse, which they typically consider an end-time event. Some Christian denominations consider the universal conversion of Jews necessary and urgent and, therefore, make it their mission to proselytize them. As a result, groups in support of Jews practicing Judaism have arisen to counter Christian proselytization.

In the New Testament The biblical basis for this expectation is found in Romans 11:

The meaning of Romans 11:25–26a is disputed. Douglas J. Moo calls Romans 11:26a "the storm center in the interpretation of Romans 9–11 and of New Testament teaching about the Jews and 'their' future." Moo himself interprets the passage as predicting a "large-scale conversion of Jewish people at the end of this age"Moo, p. 724. through "faith in the gospel of Jesus their Messiah".Moo, p. 726.

Pope Benedict XVI, in his book Jesus of Nazareth: Holy Week, suggested that the Christian church should not be targeting Jews for conversion efforts, since "Israel is in the hands of God, who will save it 'as a whole' at the proper time."

In church history Throughout the history of the Christian church, there have been predicted or expected mass conversions of Jews as imminent. Most famous among these predictions was Martin Luther's early enthusiasm that the event would occur through Protestant gospel preaching. When this did not happen, Luther changed his attitude, writing On the Jews and Their Lies,Graham Noble, "Martin Luther and German anti-Semitism," History Review (2002) No. 42:1-2. in which he appears to reject the possibility of Jewish conversion and expresses anti-Jewish contempt.Robert Michael, "Christian racism, part 2", H-Net Discussions Networks, 2 Mar 2000.

Other Protestant Reformers accepted the idea of a mass conversion of the Jews, including Martin Bucer, Peter Martyr Vermigli, and Theodore Beza. It was a popular idea among the Puritans. Puritan works on the subject included The Calling of the Jews (William Gouge, 1621), Some Discourses upon the Point of the Conversion of the Jews (Moses Wall, 1650), and The Mystery of Israel's Salvation Explained and Applied (Increase Mather, 1669).Murray, The Puritan Hope, 44-45. There was disagreement over when this prophesied conversion would take place: a significant minority, beginning with Thomas Brightman (1607) and Elnathan Parr (1620), predicted a Jewish conversion before the end of time, one that would inaugurate an era of worldwide blessing.Murray, The Puritan Hope, 45-46. The view of an era of blessing preceding the return of Jesus became known as postmillennialism.

It has been argued that it was the German Pietist leader Phillip Jacob Spener who understood the conversion of the Jews to be a central task given to Christianity writ large—at least as expressed in his 1675 publication Pia Desiderata; he added his own apocalyptic speculations, as well. In his estimation, Jesus would not return until the church writ large had obeyed the command to preach the Christian gospel "to the Jew first", echoing the words of Paul the Apostle in the New Testament. Spener's successor, August Hermann Francke, as leader of the German Pietists, developed sophisticated methods of Jewish proselytizing from the movement's base at the University of Halle. The Pietist influence significantly shaped British evangelicals in the early 19th century, leading to the founding of the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews in 1809.

The mass conversion of the Jews continued to be the hope of British evangelicals in the 18th and 19th centuries. Iain Murray said of Charles Simeon that "the conversion of the Jews was perhaps the warmest interest in his life" and that he would choose the conversion of 6 million Jews over the conversion of 600 million gentiles, since the former would ostensibly lead to the latter.Murray, The Puritan Hope, 155. It was also a key concern of the Church of Scotland, which in 1839 sent Robert Murray M'Cheyne and Andrew Bonar to Palestine on a "Mission of Inquiry into the state of the Jews".

The mass conversion of the Jews plays a central role in dispensationalism. Hal Lindsey, one of the most influential American promoters of dispensationalism, wrote in The Late Great Planet Earth that, per Ezekiel (39:6–8), after Jews fight off a "Russian" invasion, Jews will see this as a miracle and convert to Christianity.Hal Lindsey, Carole C. Carlson, The Late Great Planet Earth, Zondervan, 1970, p. 167,

Occasionally, Christians have predicted a specific date for this event. Henry Archer, for example, in his 1642 work The Personall Reigne of Christ Upon Earth, expected the mass conversion of Jews to occur in the 1650s: 1290 years (a number derived from Daniel 12:11) after Julian the Apostate's reign.

In Christian-Jewish relations Attempts by Christians to convert Jews to Christianity is an important issue in Christian-Jewish relations and Christian-Jewish reconciliation. Jewish groups such as the Anti-Defamation League have denounced attempts to convert Jews to Christianity as causing antisemitism.US group denounces call by evangelical alliance for conversion of European Jews . European Jewish Press. Published September 5, 2008. Pope Benedict XVI in 2011 suggested that the church should not be targeting Jews for conversion efforts, since "Israel is in the hands of God, who will save it ‘as a whole’ at the proper time." A number of Progressive Christian denominations have publicly declared that they will no longer proselytize Jews,Ecumenical Considerations on Jewish-Christian Dialogue (World Council of Churches) (religioustolerance.org) while other mainline Christian and conservative Christian churches have said they will continue their efforts to evangelize among Jews, saying that this is not antisemitic.Why Evangelize the Jews? By Stan Guthrie. Christianity Today. Published March 25, 2008.

A 2008 survey of American Christians by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life found that over 60% of most denominations believe that Jews will receive eternal life after death alongside Christians.Many Americans Say Other Faiths Can Lead to Eternal Life. Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. Published Dec. 18, 2008.

Christian liturgy

In Catholic liturgy, a prayer for the conversion of the Jews is found in the Good Friday prayer for the Jews. The wording of the prayer has undergone numerous changes, and although the specific hope of a mass conversion is not envisaged in the prayer, the 2008 version of the prayer makes reference to Romans 11:26 ("all Israel be saved"). The 2008 version of the prayer reads:Oremus et pro Iudaeis: Ut Deus et Dominus noster illuminet corda eorum, ut agnoscant Iesum Christum salvatorem omnium hominum. (Oremus. Flectamus genua. Levate.) Omnipotens sempiterne Deus, qui vis ut omnes homines salvi fiant et ad agnitionem veritatis veniant, concede propitius, ut plenitudine gentium in Ecclesiam Tuam intrante omnis Israel salvus fiat. Per Christum Dominum nostrum. Amen.

A 2011 retranslation now reads:

The Directory of Public Worship approved by the Westminster Assembly states that a prayer is to be made for the conversion of the Jews. The service of Vespers on Great Friday in the Eastern Orthodox Church and Byzantine Catholic churches uses the expression "impious and transgressing people",Second sticheron at Lord, I Have Cried. Mother Mary and Metropolitan Kallistos Ware. The Lenten Triodion. 2nd ed. South Canaan: St. Tikhon's Seminary Press, 2002. 612. Print. but the strongest expressions are in the Orthros of Great Friday, which includes the same phrase,Second sticheron at the Aposticha. ibid, page 598. but also speaks of "the murderers of God, the lawless nation of the Jews"Third sticheron at the Beatitudes. ibid, page 589. and referring to "the assembly of the Jews", prays: "But give them, O Lord, their reward, for they devised vain things against Thee."Thirteenth antiphon. ibid, page 586. The phrase "plotted in vain" is drawn from .

Cultural references The conversion of the Jews is occasionally used in literature as a symbol of the far distant future. In Andrew Marvell's poem To His Coy Mistress, it says, "And you should, if you please, refuse / Till the conversion of the Jews."

"The Conversion of the Jews" is the title of a 1958 short story by Philip Roth, in his collection Goodbye, Columbus, about a Jewish youth, Oscar (Ozzie), who threatens to jump off his synagogue's roof unless his rabbi, mother, and co-religionists state that God could, should he wish to, make a son miraculously, without the common method of intercourse."The Conversion of the Jews", Paris Review (Spring 1958, No. 18). The story was also published a year later in (1959)

See also Christian Zionism Jewish Christian Jews for Jesus Supersessionism

References

External links Confessional Lutheran perspective WELS Topical Q&A: Jews as the "chosen people", archived by Internet Archive WELS Topical Q&A: "All Israel will be saved" archived by Internet Archive Jewish perspective on 2015 Vatican declaration concerning proselytization of Jews What the Vatican Didn’t Say—And What It Did by Yoram Hazony