Astakhov () is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Astakhova. Notable people with the surname include:
Anna Astakhova (1886–1971), Soviet scholar Dmitri Astakhov (born 1986), Russian professional footballer Ernest Astakhov (born 1998), Ukrainian professional footballer Fedor Astakhov (1892–1966), Soviet Marshal of Aviation Force Kristina Astakhova (born 1997), Russian pair skater Pavel Astakhov (born 1966), Russian politician, celebrity lawyer and television personality. Polina Astakhova (1936–2005), Ukrainian artistic gymnast Vitali Astakhov (born 1979), Russian professional footballer
See also Astakhov Glacier in Antarctica