The following list is composed of items, techniques and processes that were invented by or discovered by people from Switzerland.
Astronomy
First exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star discovered by Swiss astronomers Didier Queloz and Michel Mayor in 1995 (51 Pegasi b), Nobel-prize laureates in Physics in 2019 Earliest estimation of the "radiation of the stars” in his 1896 article "La Température de L'Espace" by Charles Édouard Guillaume
Biology
Nucleic acid, DNA by Friedrich Miescher (1868) Restriction endonuclease by Werner Arber Research of the Immune system by Rolf M. Zinkernagel
Chemistry
Laudanum by Paracelsus Aluminium foil by Robert Victor Neher Cellophane by Jacques E. Brandenberger DDT by Paul Hermann Müller Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) by Albert Hofmann Nickel–steel alloys he named invar, elinvar and platinite [it] by Charles Édouard Guillaume Reichstein process by Tadeus Reichstein Glyphosate by Henri Martin Sandmeyer reaction by Traugott Sandmeyer
Clothes and Fashion Velcro by George de Mestral Coil Zip fastening invented by Martin Winterhalter
Computing Computer mouse: First computer mouse by René Sommer, co-inventor First laser mouse (2004) Pascal programming language by Niklaus Wirth Smaky by Jean-Daniel Nicoud World Wide Web at CERN
Construction
Structural steel reinforced concrete revolution by Robert Maillart at ETH Zurich three-hinged arch deck-stiffened arch for bridges beamless floor slab mushroom ceiling for industrial buildings Tunnel waterproofing by Sika
Cuisine
Absinthe Älplermagronen Aromat Bündnernusstorte Cheeses and cheese recipes Fondue Gruyère Raclette Sbrinz, the ancestor of the Parmiggiano Reggiano and the Pecorino romano Chocolates: Conching by Rudolf Lindt Hazelnut chocolate by Charles-Amédée Kohler Milk chocolate by Daniel Peter (disputed) White chocolate by Nestlé And his Partner Coffee Capsule Instant coffee by Max Morgenthaler Meringues Milk powder Muesli by Maximilian Bircher-Benner Rösti Stock cubes Tools: Immersion blender by Roger Perrinjaquet Rex vegetable peeler by Alfred Neweczerzal Zürcher Geschnetzeltes
Economics Discovery of economic cycles and propagation of Social policy against the classic liberal economy by Simonde de Sismondi Bank secrecy
Mathematics
Leonhard Euler Leonhard Euler's work:
Mathematical notations that he introduced: Concept of a function (first to write f(x) to denote the function f applied to the argument x) Letter Σ for summations Letter to denote the imaginary unit Modern notation for the trigonometric functions Natural logarithm (now also known as Euler's number) Differential equations Defined logarithms for negative and complex numbers Defined the exponential function for complex numbers and discovered its relation to the trigonometric functions Development of power series, the expression of functions as sums of infinitely many terms Euler–Bernoulli beam equation, a cornerstone of engineering Euler's critical load, the critical buckling load of an ideal strut Euler equations in Fluid dynamics Euler's formula Euler's identity Introduction of exponential function and logarithms in analytic proofs Predicted the phenomenon of cavitation in 1754 before observing it Solution to the Basel problem (1735)
Bernoulli family
Jacob Bernoulli (1655–1705) Jacob Bernoulli's work:
Ars Conjectandi published in Basel in 1713, theory of probability from which resulted the Bernoulli trial. Bernoulli numbers Bernoulli differential equation solved y
Discovery of the constant by studying a question about compound interest
Introduces the term integral in calculus Lemniscate of Bernoulli Solution of differential equation by separation of variables
Nicolaus I Bernoulli (1687-1759) Nicolaus I Bernoulli's s contributions:
Orthogonal trajectories Probability and statistics research with the St. Petersburg Paradox
Nicolaus II Bernoulli (1695-1726) Nicolaus II Bernoulli's contribution:
He posed the problem of reciprocal orthogonal trajectories
Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782) Daniel Bernoulli's contributions:
Bernoulli's principle is of critical use in aerodynamics.[Anon.] (2001) "Daniel Bernoulli", Encyclopædia Britannica Expected utility theory He laid the basis for the kinetic theory of gases, and applied the idea to explain Boyle's law (Hydrodynamica 1738). He worked with Euler on elasticity and the development of the Euler–Bernoulli beam equation. Principle of superposition was first stated by Daniel Bernoulli in 1753 ("The general motion of a vibrating system is given by a superposition of its proper vibrations")Brillouin, L. (1946). Wave propagation in Periodic Structures: Electric Filters and Crystal Lattices, McGraw–Hill, New York, p. 2.
Gabriel Cramer
Gabriel Cramer's contributions Cramer's theorem (algebraic curves) In 1750 he published Cramer's rule, giving a general formula for the solution for any unknown in a linear equation system having a unique solution, in terms of determinants implied by the system. This rule is still standard.]
Others Planimeter by Jakob Amsler-Laffon.
Medicine Artificial hip joint (Sulzer joint, by Maurice Edmond Müller) Diazepam (Valium) (1958, company Hoffmann-La Roche) Diclofenac (Voltaren) (1973, company Ciba-Geigy) Hydro-alcoholic gel (1995, Didier Pittet) Hydrogel skin cancer treatment (2022, University of Bern) Laudanum by Paracelsus Panthenol (Bepanthen) (1944, company Roche) Stent (1986, Medinvent, Hans Wallsten) Theodor Kocher Anesthesia Masks to deliver chloroform-ether narcosis Surgical methodology Hygiene rules Techniques of sterilisation Surgical records quantifying and analysing success and failures Surgical procedures Pre-operative preparation of patients to receive anaesthesia to avoid aspiration of gastric content Reduction technique for shoulder dislocation Thiroidectomy Surgical tools Artery clamp Bowel clamp Craniometer Kidney holding forceps Scissors chisels and files
Military
Swiss Army knife Full Metal Jacket bullet by Eduard Rubin Milliradian by Charles-Marc Dapples
Physics Argand lamp by Aimé Argand Twisted nematic field effect by Hoffmann-La Roche Scanning tunneling microscope by Heinrich Rohrer (co-inventor with German Gerd Binnig) Super-twisted nematic display by Brown, Boveri & Cie Swatch Internet Time by Swatch Research on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance by Kurt Wüthrich
Sports
Bobsleigh tracks Schwingen Hornussen
Technology Basic oxygen steelmaking by Robert Durrer in 1948 Electricity production and transmission: Transmission of electrical energy using high-voltage three-phase current developed by Brown, Boveri & Cie for the International Electrotechnical Exhibition Research on steam and gas turbines developed at ETH Zurich with Aurel Stodola Law of the Ellipse First gas turbine electric generator in collaboration with Brown, Boveri & CieEarly Gas Turbine History at web.mit.edu Aurel Stodola constructs a closed-loop heat pump in 1928 (water source from Lake Geneva) which provides heating for the Geneva city hall to this day. Electric kilns invented by Brown, Boveri & Cie Electric toothbrush, the Broxodent by Dr. Philippe Guy Woog Gearless cement drive developed by Brown, Boveri & Cie in 1969 Hydrogen-based Internal combustion engine ignited by sparks invented in 1806 by François Isaac de Rivaz. LCD projector at Brown Boveri & Cie Precision valve steam engine (Sulzer, 1876) Shuttle-less loom (Sulzer, 1876) Ski lifts Chronometry / watches: Constant escapement by Girard-Perregaux Cross-beat escapement and remontoire for watches by Jost Bürgi Quartz watches (Centre électronique horloger) Tourbillon by Abraham-Louis Breguet Charles Édouard Guillaume's Guillaume balance (a type of balance wheel)
Machines
Construction machines Walking excavator by Ernst Menzi, 1966 (Menzi Muck) Packaging machines: Autoplatine die-cutter by Bobst (1940) Rotary Braille Press by Bobst (1915) Power tools: Jigsaw: developed by Albert Kaufmann, an engineer of Scintilla AG company in Solothurn. Precision machinery: Thread whirling by Tornos in the 1990s Cam multispindle machine with the Tornos AS 14 (1958) CNC multispindle machine (Tornos CNC 632, 1988)
Transportation
Air
Solar Impulse by Bertrand Piccard in co-operation with EPFL
Naval
Azipod, first azimuth thruster with the motor located in the pod itself (by ABB Group) Bathyscaphe Trieste by Auguste Piccard
Rail
Articulated locomotive by Anatole Mallet Diesel electric locomotive traction control by Hermann Lemp High-speed locomotive with drive shafts fitted exclusively in bogies developed by Brown, Boveri & Cie in 1944 Riggenbach rack system by Niklaus Riggenbach Diesel-Sulzer-Klose GmbH, first train to run with a mechanical diesel power in 1912.
Road
Turbocharger by Alfred Büchi
Miscellaneous
The Red Cross by Henry Dunant Helvetica Typeface by Max Miedinger World Health Organization
See also List of Swiss inventors and discoverers
Notes
References
Sources
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