Demographic features of the population of the Czech Republic include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the population, economic status, and religious affiliations.

Population

With an estimated population of 10.5 million as of 2022, compared to 9.3 million at the beginning of the 20th century, the population growth of the Czech Republic has been limited, due to low fertility rates and loss of population in and around World Wars I and II. Population loss during World War I was approximately 350,000. At the beginning of World War II the population of the Czech Republic reached its maximum (11.2 million). Due to the expulsion of the German residents after World War II, the Czech Republic lost about 3 million inhabitants and in 1947 the population was only 8.8 million. Population growth resumed, and in 1994 the population was 10.33 million.

From 1994 to 2003 natural growth was slightly negative (−0.15% per year) and the population decreased to 10.2 million. Since 2005, natural growth has been positive, but in recent times the most important influence on the population of the Czech Republic has been immigration: approximately 300,000 during the 2010s.

One birth every 5 minutes One death every 5 minutes One net migrant every 44 minutes Net gain of one person every 131 minutes

The Czech Republic has a population density of about 134 inhabitants per square kilometre, which is above the European average. The areas with the lowest population density are located along the mountainous southwestern and southern borders of the country. These regions were significantly affected by the displacement of the German population after World War II.

Note: Crude migration change (per 1000) is a trend analysis, an extrapolation based average population change (current year minus previous) minus natural change of the current year (see table vital statistics). As average population is an estimate of the population in the middle of the year and not end of the year.

Total population

Life expectancy total population: 79.5 years. Country comparison to the world: 56th male: 76.55 years female: 82.61 years (2021 est.) Death rate 10.72 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 23rd

Average life expectancy at age 0 of the total population.

PeriodLife expectancyin years1950–195566.861955–1960 69.591960–1965 70.351965–1970 69.991970–1975 70.041975–1980 70.641980–1985 70.781985–1990 71.461990–1995 72.501995–2000 74.232000–2005 75.542005–2010 76.982010–2015 78.17

Fertility + Total Fertility Rate in Czech Republic 1860186118621863186418651866186718681869 5.07 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 1870187118721873187418751876187718781879 5.14 5.14 5.13 5.12 5.11 5.10 5.09 5.08 5.07 5.07 1880188118821883188418851886188718881889 5.06 5.04 5.03 5.02 5.00 4.99 4.97 4.96 4.95 4.93 1890189118921893189418951896189718981899 4.92 4.91 4.90 4.90 4.89 4.88 4.88 4.87 4.86 4.85

Population density and urban areas

City Population (2026) Area (km²) Region Prague 1,407,084 496 Prague Brno 404,296 230 South Moravian Ostrava 280,853 214 Moravian-Silesian Plzeň 187,863 138 Plzeň Liberec 108,214 106 Liberec Olomouc 105,297 103 Olomouc

Age structure 2020 0–14 years: 15.17% (male 834,447 /female 789,328) 15–24 years: 9.2% (male 508,329 /female 475,846) 25–54 years: 43.29% (male 2,382,899 /female 2,249,774) 55–64 years: 12.12% (male 636,357 /female 660,748) 65 years and over: 20.23% (male 907,255 /female 1,257,515)

+ Age structure by the generation groups (December 31, 2025) Greatest Generation (1901–1927) Silent Generation (1928–1945) Baby boomers (1946–1964) Generation X (1965–1980) Generation Y (1981–1996) Generation Z (1997–2012) Generation Alpha(2013–2024) Generation Beta(2025–) 3,078 538,543 2,245,668 2,599,827 2,267,688 1,847,302 1,335,891 77,842

Median age total: 43.3 years. Country comparison to the world: 28th male: 42 years female: 44.7 years (2020 est.)

Projections The following forecast for the future population is an official estimate of the Czech Statistical Office. Year Population ±% 2025 10,914,878 — 2030 10,748,352 –1.53% 2035 10,735,415 –0.12% 2040 10,714,384 –0.20% 2045 10,701,076 –0.12% 2050 10,691,467 –0.09% 2055 10,664,369 –0.25% 2060 10,593,389 –0.67%2065 10,478,636 –1.08%2070 10,346,296 –1.26% 2075 10,227,748 –1.15% 2080 10,141,649 –0.84% 2085 10,078,504 –0.62% 2090 10,025,224 –0.53% 2095 9,974,876 –0.50% 2100 9,911,339 –0.64%

Vital statistics

Source: Czech Demographic Handbook, Czech Statistical Office – Data and time series

Notable events in Czech demographics:

1914–1918: World War I 1940–1944: World War II 1970s–1980s – Baby boom in Czechoslovakia