Papiliolebias is a genus of fish in the family Rivulidae. These annual killifish are endemic to seasonal pools in the Paraguay and upper Madeira river basins in northwestern Argentina, central and southeastern Bolivia, and western Paraguay.Nielsen, D.T.B. & Brousseau, R. (2014): Description of a new annual fish, Papiliolebias ashleyae (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the upper Rio Mamoré basin, Bolivia. aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology, 20 (1): 53-59.Valdesalici, S. & Brousseau, R. (2014): A new Papiliolebias species (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from Bolivian Amazon. aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology, 20 (3): 117-122.Valdesalici, S., Nielsen, D.T.B., Brousseau, R. & Phunkner, J. (2016): Papiliolebias habluetzeli (Cyprinodontiformes: Cynolebiidae) a new miniature annual fish from the upper Rio Mamoré, Bolivia. aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology, 22 (4): 155-164.
They are small fish, up to in total length. As typical of killifish, males are more colorful than females.
Species Papiliolebias and the closely related Maratecoara, Pituna, Plesiolebias and Stenolebias form a clade, Plesiolebiasini.
There are currently 5 recognized species in Papiliolebias:
Papiliolebias ashleyae D. T. B. Nielsen & Brousseau, 2014 Papiliolebias bitteri (W. J. E. M. Costa, 1989) Papiliolebias francescae Valdesalici & Brousseau, 2014 Papiliolebias habluetzeli Valdesalici, D. T. B. Nielsen, Brousseau & Phunkner, 2016 Papiliolebias hatinne Azpelicueta, Butí & G. B. García, 2009
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