Bumang (, ) is a tonal Austroasiatic language of Yunnan, China. It is spoken by about 200 people in Manzhang (曼仗), Mengla District (勐拉地区), Jinping County, Honghe Prefecture. The existence of Bumang was only recently documented by Chinese linguist Dao Jie in the mid-2000s. It is closely related to Kháng.
Classification Jerold A. Edmondson (2010) considers Bumang and the closely related Kháng language to be Khmuic languages based on lexical evidence, while Dao Jie (刀洁, 2007) proposes that Bumang may be a Palaungic language.
Although Bumang and Mang have similar names and are both spoken in Honghe Prefecture of Yunnan Province in China, they are not closely related and do not appear to be in the same branch together. Whereas Edmondson considers Bumang to likely be a Khmuic language, Mang is not one, and is more closely related to the Bolyu and Bugan languages of southern China.
Population The Bumang autonym is . In China, the Bumang are classified as part of the Dai nationality. Bumang speakers are surrounded by speakers of White Tai (Tai Don), Black Tai (Tai Dam), and Pu'er Dai. Bumang women's clothing is identical to that of the Kháng, Ksingmul, White Tai, and Black Tai.
Within Manzhang (曼仗), Mengla District (勐拉地区), Bumang is spoken in Shangmanzhang (上曼仗, with 22 households; known in the Bumang language as ) and Xiamanzhang (下曼仗, with 49 households). Shangmanzhang (上曼仗) is located in Tiantou Village (田头村), Mengla Township (勐拉乡), while Xiamanzhang (下曼仗) is situated on a state-run rubber plantation (国营橡胶农场).
The Bumang are descended from Kháng people who had immigrated from Vietnam in the 1800s.
Phonology Like Kháng, Bumang is a tonal language. Consonants There is no onset cluster in Bumang. Initials + Bumang initials Labial Alveolar Alveopalatal VelarGlottalPlosivevoicelessaspiratedvoicedFricativevoicelessvoicedAffricateplainaspiratedNasalLateralApproximant
Codas +Bumang codasBilabialAlveolarPalatalVelar Plosive Nasal Semivowel Vowels Plains +Bumang monophthongsFrontCentralBackCloseMidOpen,
Diphthongs Bumang diphthongs are /ɯi ui ia ɯa ua iu əi oi ea eu əu ăi, ai ɔi ɛa ɛu ău, au/.
Vocabulary Bumang numerals show sign of contact with other Austroasiatic branches (Khmuic,...). Numbers larger than five have been replaced by Tai loans.
Pronouns The dual forms in Bumang are literally lexical juxtapositions of singular pronouns + bɯa²⁴, meaning 'two' (presumably derived from Proto-Austroasiatic *ɓa:r instead of Proto-Palaungic *(lə)ʔaːr). The plural forms of second person and third person are not marked for gender.
singular dual plural 1st person exclusive da⁵⁵da⁵⁵ bɯa²⁴ nɔ²⁴ inclusive jia⁵⁵ 2nd person feminine pa⁵⁵ pa⁵⁵ bɯa²⁴mət²⁴ pia⁵⁵ masculine mi⁵⁵ mi⁵⁵ bɯa²⁴ 3rd person feminine ku³³ ku³³ bɯa²⁴ki⁵⁵ masculine ŋa⁵⁵ ŋa⁵⁵ bɯa²⁴
Body parts Gloss Bumang proto-Palaungic arm, hand ti⁵⁵ *tiːʔ armpit buŋ⁵⁵ dɔ⁵⁵ *kəldoːʔ (bone) joint of body ɯŋ⁵⁵ tɔ²⁴ *cəʔaːŋ ear tɔ²¹ *toːr face ŋai⁵⁵ *ˀŋaːj ('eye') knee kin⁵⁵ hɔŋ⁵¹ *groːŋ lip phɛn²⁴ lɯp²¹ *-ɓɤr nose ku⁵⁵ mɯi³³ *muːs penis kɛ⁵⁵ *kleʔ tooth həŋ⁵¹ *sraːŋ tongue tak²¹ *-taːk
Fauna Gloss Bumang proto-Palaungic ant bu²⁴ mut²¹ *smuːc bee ɕoi⁵⁵ *saːj 'wasp' bird tsim²⁴ *ciːm buffalo hak²¹ *traːk cat miu²⁴ *miɛw crow bu²⁴ lak²⁴ *kə(l)ʔaːk deer săk²¹ *tjaːk dog tsua⁵⁵ *cɔːʔ eagle bu²⁴ kaŋ⁵¹ *klaːŋ elephant bu²⁴ tsaŋ²¹ *caːŋ fowl jia³³ *ʔiɛr fish ka⁵⁵ *kaʔ hornet bu²⁴ lia⁵¹ *pəsiɛr 'bee' louse phin⁵¹ tɯt²¹ *mrɤɲ monkey ɕua⁵⁵ *sʋaʔ muntjac bu²⁴ pɔi⁵⁵ *poːs 'barking deer' tiger huai⁵¹ *rəʋaːj turtledove tsim²⁴ ku²⁴ *-kuːʔ weasel kɯi⁵¹ pɯn⁵¹ luŋ⁵⁵ sɔ²⁴ *car 'civet'
Flora & nature Gloss Bumang proto-Palaungic bamboo shoot băŋ⁵⁵ *ɓaŋ earth, ground tia⁵⁵ *kəteːʔ fire, flame ŋăn⁵⁵ *ŋal fruit, gourd pɛ⁵⁵ *pliːʔ grass băt²⁴ *ɓat leaf na⁵⁵ *ʰlaʔ lightning la³³ la³³ *lak-lɔk melon pɛ⁵⁵ pia²⁴ *-piːr 'pumpkin' millet kɔi²⁴ *səkɔːj rain kɛa⁵⁵, kia⁵⁵ *cleːʔ rice (grain) kɔ⁵¹ *rəŋkoːʔ rice (tree) ŋua⁵⁵ *sŋɔːʔ sun lɔ²¹ ŋai⁵⁵ ŋi⁵⁵ cəŋiːʔ sugarcane mɛa⁵⁵ -meːʔ taro hɔ⁵⁵ səroːɁ water ɔm²⁴ *ʔoːm
Tools and concepts Gloss Bumang proto-Palaungic bran, chaff, husk kam⁵¹ *səkaːm copper tɔŋ⁵¹ ɛ⁵⁵ *dɔːŋ drum kuŋ²⁴ *kruːŋ house ȵa⁵⁵ *ɲaːʔ left side bɯŋ²¹ vi⁵⁵ *-ʋeʔ month sɛ⁵⁵ *kheʔ pestle lăm⁵¹ hi⁵¹ *-reʔ pillow bu²⁴ kiŋ³³ *-gɤːŋ right side bɯŋ²¹ tăm⁵⁵ *tam road tiŋ⁵¹ *ɗeːŋ rope, vine mɯ⁵¹ *smɤːʔ weave tan⁵⁵ *taːɲ
References
Works cited
External links Bumang numerals at Lingweb.eva.mpg.de ISO 639-3 Registration Authority Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3 (change request number: 2012-048) ISO 639-3 Registration Authority Request for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code (change request number: 2012-048)