The 93rd United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from January 3, 1973, to January 3, 1975, during the last 19 months of Richard Nixon's presidency, and the first 5 months of Gerald Ford's. This Congress was the first (and, to date, only) Congress with more than two Senate presidents (in this case, three). After the resignation of Spiro Agnew, Gerald Ford was appointed under the authority of the newly ratified Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Ford became president the next year and Nelson Rockefeller was appointed in his place. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1970 United States census. Both chambers had a Democratic majority.
Major events
January 20, 1973: President Richard Nixon began his second term. January 22, 1973: Supreme Court issued abortion decision, Roe v. Wade January 27, 1973: Paris Peace Accords signed October 10, 1973: Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned October 20, 1973: Saturday Night Massacre October 30, 1973: Impeachment proceedings against President Nixon initiated December 6, 1973: Vice President Gerald Ford confirmed and inaugurated August 9, 1974: President Richard Nixon resigned, Vice President Gerald Ford became president November 5, 1974: United States midterm elections: Democrats increased their majorities in both houses December 19, 1974: Vice President Nelson Rockefeller confirmed and inaugurated First television broadcast from the Senate chamber, as Nelson Rockefeller was sworn into office
Major legislation
July 1, 1973: Case–Church Amendment, , title I, August 13, 1973: Federal Aid Highway Act of 1973, , title I, September 26, 1973: Rehabilitation Act of 1973, , October 1, 1973: Domestic Volunteer Services Act of 1973 (VISTA), , October 4, 1973: Oil Pollution Act of 1973, , November 3, 1973: Amtrak Improvement Act, , November 7, 1973: War Powers Resolution, , December 28, 1973: Comprehensive Employment and Training Act, December 28, 1973: Endangered Species Act, , December 29, 1973: Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973, March 7, 1974: Water Resources Development Act of 1974, , May 22, 1974: Disaster Relief Act of 1974, , July 12, 1974: Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974, , July 25, 1974: Legal Services Corporation Act, , August 21, 1974: Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, , title V, §513, September 2, 1974: Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), , September 7, 1974: Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, , October 15, 1974: Federal Election Campaign Act, , October 28, 1974: Equal Credit Opportunity Act, , October 29, 1974: Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974, , November 26, 1974: National Mass Transportation Assistance Act, , December 3, 1974: Vietnam Era Veterans' Readjustment Assistance Act, , December 16, 1974: Safe Drinking Water Act, , December 31, 1974: Privacy Act of 1974, , January 2, 1975: An Act to Establish Rules of Evidence for Certain Courts and Proceedings, , January 3, 1975: Trade Act of 1974, , January 3, 1975: Hazardous Materials Transportation Act, , title I, January 4, 1975: Magnuson–Moss Warranty Act, , January 4, 1975: Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975, , January 4, 1975: National Health Planning and Resources Development Act, ,
Hearings May 17, 1973: Watergate hearings began (Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities) May 9, 1974: Hearings on the impeachment of President Nixon began (House Judiciary Committee)
Party summary
Senate Party (shading indicates majority caucus) Total Democratic Republican Conservative Independent Vacant End of the previous Congress 54 44 1 1 100 0 Begin 56 42 1 1 100 0 End 56 40 98 2 Final voting share 57.6% 40.4% 1.0% 1.0% Beginning of the next Congress 60 37 1 1 99 1
House of Representatives
Party (shading indicates majority caucus) Total Democratic Republican Vacant End of previous Congress 252 178 430 5 Begin 241 192 433 2 End 232 174 406 29 Final voting share 57.1% 42.9% Beginning of next Congress 291 144 435 0
Leadership
Senate President: Spiro Agnew (R) until October 10, 1973 Gerald Ford (R) December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974 Nelson Rockefeller (R) from December 19, 1974 President pro tempore: James Eastland (D) Permanent acting president pro tempore: Lee Metcalf (D)
Majority (Democratic) leadership Majority Leader: Mike Mansfield Majority Whip: Robert Byrd Democratic Caucus Secretary: Frank Moss
Minority (Republican) leadership Minority Leader: Hugh Scott Minority Whip: Robert P. Griffin Republican Conference Chairman: Norris Cotton Republican Conference Secretary: Wallace F. Bennett National Senatorial Committee Chair: Bill Brock Policy Committee Chairman: John Tower
House of Representatives Speaker: Carl Albert (D)
Majority (Democratic) leadership Majority Leader: Tip O'Neill Majority Whip: John J. McFall Democratic Caucus Chairman: Olin E. Teague Democratic Caucus Secretary: Leonor Sullivan Democratic Campaign Committee Chairman: Wayne Hays
Minority (Republican) leadership Minority Leader: Gerald Ford until December 6, 1973 John Jacob Rhodes from December 7, 1973 Minority Whip: Leslie C. Arends Republican Conference Chairman: John B. Anderson Republican Conference Vice-chairman: Samuel L. Devine Republican Conference Secretary: Jack Edwards Policy Committee Chairman: Barber Conable Republican Campaign Committee Chairman: Robert H. Michel
Caucuses Congressional Black Caucus House Democratic Caucus Senate Democratic Caucus
Members This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district. Skip down to House of Representatives
Senate
Senators are popularly elected statewide every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 means their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1976; Class 2 means their term began with this Congress, facing re-election in 1978; and Class 3 means their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 1974.
Alabama 2. John Sparkman (D) 3. James Allen (D)
Alaska 2. Ted Stevens (R) 3. Mike Gravel (D)
Arizona 1. Paul Fannin (R) 3. Barry Goldwater (R)
Arkansas 2. John L. McClellan (D) 3. J. William Fulbright (D), until December 31, 1974
California 1. John V. Tunney (D) 3. Alan Cranston (D)
Colorado 2. Floyd Haskell (D) 3. Peter H. Dominick (R)
Connecticut 1. Lowell Weicker (R) 3. Abraham Ribicoff (D)
Delaware 1. William Roth (R) 2. Joe Biden (D)
Florida 1. Lawton Chiles (D) 3. Edward Gurney (R), until December 31, 1974 Richard Stone (D), from January 1, 1975
Georgia 2. Sam Nunn (D) 3. Herman Talmadge (D)
Hawaii 1. Hiram Fong (R) 3. Daniel Inouye (D)
Idaho 2. James A. McClure (R) 3. Frank Church (D)
Illinois 2. Charles H. Percy (R) 3. Adlai Stevenson III (D)
Indiana 1. Vance Hartke (D) 3. Birch Bayh (D)
Iowa 2. Dick Clark (D) 3. Harold Hughes (D)
Kansas 2. James B. Pearson (R) 3. Bob Dole (R)
Kentucky 2. Walter Dee Huddleston (D) 3. Marlow Cook (R), until December 27, 1974 Wendell Ford (D), from December 28, 1974
Louisiana 2. J. Bennett Johnston (D) 3. Russell B. Long (D)
Maine 1. Edmund Muskie (D) 2. William Hathaway (D)
Maryland 1. J. Glenn Beall Jr. (R) 3. Charles Mathias (R)
Massachusetts 1. Ted Kennedy (D) 2. Edward Brooke (R)
Michigan 1. Philip Hart (D) 2. Robert P. Griffin (R)
Minnesota 1. Hubert Humphrey (DFL) 2. Walter Mondale (DFL)
Mississippi 1. John C. Stennis (D) 2. James Eastland (D)
Missouri 1. Stuart Symington (D) 3. Thomas Eagleton (D)
Montana 1. Mike Mansfield (D) 2. Lee Metcalf (D)
Nebraska 1. Roman Hruska (R) 2. Carl Curtis (R)
Nevada 1. Howard Cannon (D) 3. Alan Bible (D), until December 17, 1974 Paul Laxalt (R), from December 18, 1974
New Hampshire 2. Thomas J. McIntyre (D) 3. Norris Cotton (R), until December 31, 1974 Louis C. Wyman (R), from December 31, 1974
New Jersey 1. Harrison A. Williams (D) 2. Clifford P. Case (R)
New Mexico 1. Joseph Montoya (D) 2. Pete Domenici (R)
New York 1. James L. Buckley (C) 3. Jacob Javits (R)
North Carolina 2. Jesse Helms (R) 3. Sam Ervin (D), until December 31, 1974
North Dakota 1. Quentin Burdick (D-NPL) 3. Milton Young (R)
Ohio 1. Robert Taft Jr. (R) 3. William B. Saxbe (R), until January 3, 1974 Howard Metzenbaum (D), January 4, 1974 – December 23, 1974 John Glenn (D), from December 24, 1974
Oklahoma 2. Dewey F. Bartlett (R) 3. Henry Bellmon (R)
Oregon 2. Mark Hatfield (R) 3. Bob Packwood (R)
Pennsylvania 1. Hugh Scott (R) 3. Richard Schweiker (R)
Rhode Island 1. John Pastore (D) 2. Claiborne Pell (D)
South Carolina 2. Strom Thurmond (R) 3. Fritz Hollings (D)
South Dakota 2. James Abourezk (D) 3. George McGovern (D)
Tennessee 1. Bill Brock (R) 2. Howard Baker (R)
Texas 1. Lloyd Bentsen (D) 2. John Tower (R)
Utah 1. Frank Moss (D) 3. Wallace F. Bennett (R), until December 20, 1974 Jake Garn (R), from December 21, 1974
Vermont 1. Robert Stafford (R) 3. George Aiken (R)
Virginia 1. Harry F. Byrd Jr. (ID) 2. William L. Scott (R)
Washington 1. Henry M. Jackson (D) 3. Warren G. Magnuson (D)
West Virginia 1. Robert Byrd (D) 2. Jennings Randolph (D)
Wisconsin 1. William Proxmire (D) 3. Gaylord Nelson (D)
Wyoming 1. Gale W. McGee (D) 2. Clifford Hansen (R)
House of Representatives
The names of representatives are preceded by their district numbers.
Alabama
. Jack Edwards (R) . William Louis Dickinson (R) . Bill Nichols (D) . Tom Bevill (D) . Robert E. Jones Jr. (D) . John Hall Buchanan Jr. (R) . Walter Flowers (D)
Alaska
. Don Young (R), from March 6, 1973
Arizona
. John Jacob Rhodes (R) . Mo Udall (D) . Sam Steiger (R) . John Bertrand Conlan (R)
Arkansas
. William Vollie Alexander Jr. (D) . Wilbur Mills (D) . John Paul Hammerschmidt (R) . Ray Thornton (D)
California
. Donald H. Clausen (R) . Harold T. Johnson (D) . John E. Moss (D) . Robert L. Leggett (D) . Phillip Burton (D) . William S. Mailliard (R), until March 5, 1974 John Burton (D), from June 4, 1974 . Ron Dellums (D) . Pete Stark (D) . Don Edwards (D) . Charles Gubser (R), until December 31, 1974 . Leo Ryan (D) . Burt Talcott (R) . Charles M. Teague (R), until January 1, 1974 Robert J. Lagomarsino (R), from March 5, 1974 . Jerome Waldie (D) . John J. McFall (D) . B. F. Sisk (D) . Pete McCloskey (R) . Bob Mathias (R) . Chester E. Holifield (D), until December 31, 1974 . Carlos Moorhead (R) . Augustus Hawkins (D) . James C. Corman (D) . Del M. Clawson (R) . John H. Rousselot (R) . Charles E. Wiggins (R) . Thomas M. Rees (D) . Barry Goldwater Jr. (R) . Alphonzo E. Bell Jr. (R) . George E. Danielson (D) . Edward R. Roybal (D) . Charles H. Wilson (D) . Craig Hosmer (R), until December 31, 1974 . Jerry Pettis (R) . Richard T. Hanna (D), until December 31, 1974 . Glenn M. Anderson (D) . William M. Ketchum (R) . Yvonne Brathwaite Burke (D) . George Brown Jr. (D) . Andrew J. Hinshaw (R) . Bob Wilson (R) . Lionel Van Deerlin (D) . Clair Burgener (R) . Victor Veysey (R)
Colorado
. Pat Schroeder (D) . Donald G. Brotzman (R) . Frank Evans (D) . James Paul Johnson (R) . William L. Armstrong (R)
Connecticut
. William R. Cotter (D) . Robert H. Steele (R) . Robert Giaimo (D) . Stewart McKinney (R) . Ronald A. Sarasin (R) . Ella Grasso (D)
Delaware
. Pete du Pont (R)