The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Prehistory

In prehistory, the site where the core of the Old City later developed (Domhügel, Cathedral Hill) was a flood-safe higher ground next to the ford across the River Main, where a prehistoric North–South road crossed the East-West flowing river.

~ 6000 BC – Oldest archaeological evidence of human use of the river ford at Domhügel (Mesolithic). ~ 5th century BC – First permanent Celtic farming settlement. Important Celtic towns exist nearby, including Altkönig, Heidetränk and Glauberg. 1st century BCE – Celtic settlers migrate southward and are replaced and assimilated by Germanic tribes, mostly the Mattiaci and Chatti. 10/9 BCE – first Roman campaign (led by general Nero Claudius Drusus) in the region, ultimately unsuccessful. The Rhine remained the Roman Empire's border, the Frankfurt area though was under heavy Roman influence from nearby provincial capital Mogontiacum (Mainz).

Roman era 83 CE – Rome under Domitian manages to annex the east bank of the Rhine, including the Frankfurt area, which becomes part of the Germania Superior province. A military outpost is built at the Domhügel. after 83 CE – Fortification of the new imperial borders in the Frankfurt area by the Limes Germanicus defensive wall. One of its massive border forts was the Saalburg in the Taunus mountains, about 18 km north of the Domhügel. late 1st century CE – the Roman city of Nida in modern-day Heddernheim borough of Frankfurt is the capital of Civitas Taunensium (a district of Gemania Superior province) and has about 10,000 inhabitants. 110 CE – The military base at Domhügel is replaced by a civilian settlement which had a Roman bathhouse. c. 135 CE – Saalburg is replaced by a much larger stone fort holding about 500 men. around 200 – increasing pressure by the Chatti and newly arrived Alemanni on the Limes border. 213 – Roman war under Caracalla against the Alemanni and Chatti pacifies the region for about two decades. The city of Nida is fortified by defensive walls. 233 – Alemanni incursions resume. 260 – after further major Alemannic incursions in 254 and 260, Rome abandons the right bank of the Rhine and the Limes including the Saalburg (Fall of the Limes).

Middle ages 843 CE – City becomes capital of East Francia. 1180 – Staufenmauer built. 1241 – Judenschlacht – First of two pogroms of Jews in the city. 1333 – City expands. 1349 – Judenschlacht. 1360 – Schützenverein Frankfurt-Höchst (militia) formed. 1370 – Public clock installed (approximate date). 1372 Free City of Frankfurt becomes part of Holy Roman Empire. City buys forest from Charles IV. 1405 – Römer converted into city hall. 1428 – Eschenheimer Turm built. 1462 – Frankfurter Judengasse established. 1493 – Passion play begins.

Early modern era 1531 – Printing press in operation. 1581 – Rumpolt's cookbook published. 1585 – Bourse established. 1648 – Peace of Westphalia confirms Frankfurt as an Imperial Free City. 1681 – St. Catherine's Church built. 1719 – Fire. 1739 – Palais Thurn und Taxis built. 1742 – The Palais Barckhaus at Zeil in Frankfurt serves as residence of Emperor Charles VII until 1744 1748 – Gebrüder Bethmann formed. 1750 – Mainzer Landstraße built. 1759 – January: City occupied by French. 1774 – Botanical garden laid out. 1790 – 9 October: Coronation of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor. 1792 – City occupied by French.

19th century 1806 City occupied by French. City becomes Principality of Frankfurt, under Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg. 1808 – Frankfurter Opern- und Museumsorchester (orchestra) established. 1810 – City becomes part of Grand Duchy of Frankfurt. 1812 – City refortified. 1815 – Städel founded. 1816 – Free City of Frankfurt becomes part of German Confederation. 1817 – Population: 41,458 1829 – Frankfurter Kunstverein founded. 1833 Frankfurter Wachensturm. Paulskirche built. 1839 – Taunus Railway begins operating. 1840 – Population: 55,269 1843 – (stock exchange) built. 1846 – International Penitentiary Congress held in Frankfurt. 1848 September: "Uprising." Frankfurt Assembly formed. 1849 – Constitution of the German Empire proclaimed by Frankfurt Parliament. 1856 – Frankfurter Zeitung begins publication. 1858 – Frankfurt Zoological Garden founded. 1859 – Frankfurt City Link Line begins operating. 1861 – Population: 71,462. 1863 – founded in Frankfurt. 1864 – Population: 77,372 1866 – City becomes part of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia. 1867 – Frankfurt Cathedral rebuilt. 1868 – Eiserner Steg (bridge) built. 1871 Treaty of Frankfurt signed. Palmengarten opens. 1872 – Trams begin operating. 1875 – Population: 103,136. 1878 – Dr. Hoch's Konservatorium – Musikakademie founded. 1879 – (market) opens. 1880 – Alte Oper inaugurated. 1881 – Metallgesellschaft founded. 1886 – Frankfurter Friedensverein (peace group) organized. 1890 – Population: 179,985 1895 Bockenheim becomes part of city. Stempel Type Foundry established. Population: 229,279. 1897 – Frankfurt Motor Show begins.

20th century

1900s–1940s

1904 – Museum der Weltkulturen founded. 1905 – Population: 334,978. 1907 - May: City hosts the 1907 World Weightlifting Championships and 1907 World Wrestling Championships. 1909 Städtische Galerie Liebieghaus established. Festhalle built. 1914 – University of Frankfurt established. 1919 – Population: 433,002. 1923 – Institute for Social Research founded. 1925 – (monument) installed. 1926 – Alte Brücke (Frankfurt) (bridge) rebuilt. 1928 Höchst becomes part of city. Großmarkthalle built. Polish Consulate relocated from Cologne to Frankfurt. Population: 551,200. 1929 Frankfurt Radio Symphony formed. Holy Cross Church built. 1930 – IG Farben Building constructed. 1931 – Frankfurter Volksbank Stadion opens. 1934 – Adlerwerke vorm. Heinrich Kleyer established. 1936 Frankfurt Airport opens. Grüneburgpark opens. 1937 – Nazi camp for Sinti and Romani people established (see also Porajmos). 1938 – Frankfurt University of Music and Performing Arts founded. 1942 Nazi camp for Sinti and Romani people dissolved. February: Forced labour camp established in the Heddernheim district. 1944 – Bombing begins.

1945 18 March: Forced labour camp in Heddernheim dissolved. Prisoners deported to the Buchenwald concentration camp. 26–29 March: Battle of Frankfurt July: American zone of Allied-occupied Germany headquartered in Frankfurt. Frankfurter Rundschau begins publication. 1946 – Eschwege displaced persons camp set up. 1948 Hessischer Rundfunk begins broadcasting. Bank deutscher Länder headquartered in Frankfurt. 1949 Frankfurt Book Fair resumes. Deutsches Institut für Filmkunde founded. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (newspaper) begins publication.

1950s–1990s 1951 – Opern- und Schauspielhaus Frankfurt built. 1953 – Population: 600,579. 1954 – Goethe House opens. 1955 – Frankfurt Egelsbach Airport opens. 1957 Deutsche Bundesbank headquartered in Frankfurt. Eurovision Song Contest 1957 held. 1958 Noor Mosque built. Museum für Kommunikation Frankfurt and Cinema Kino open. 1959 – (prison) begins operating. 1960 founded. City twinned with Lyon, France. 1963 – Frankfurt Auschwitz Trials begin. 1966 – City twinned with Birmingham, United Kingdom. 1967 – City twinned with Deuil-La Barre, France. 1968 – Frankfurt U-Bahn begins operating. 1970 Peace Research Institute Frankfurt and founded. City twinned with Milan, Italy. 1974 – City-Haus built. 1978 Rhine-Main S-Bahn begins operating. Historic Railway museum founded. 1979 Europaturm built. Titanic magazine begins publication. City twinned with Cairo, Egypt. 1980 – City twinned with Tel Aviv, Israel. 1981 Frankfurt Marathon begins. Museum für Moderne Kunst founded. 1984 – German Architecture Museum opens. 1987 – founded. 1988 – City twinned with Guangzhou, China. 1989 City hosts Bundesgartenschau (garden show). City twinned with Toronto, Canada. 1990 May: City hosts the 1990 European Judo Championships. City twinned with Budapest, Hungary, and Prague, Czech Republic. 1991 Andreas von Schoeler becomes mayor. City twinned with Granada, Nicaragua, Kraków, Poland, and Leipzig. 1992 – (Institute for City History) established. 1993 Westendstrasse 1 built. Deutsche Börse headquartered in Frankfurt. 1994 – European Monetary Institute headquartered in Frankfurt. 1995 Deutscher Commercial Internet Exchange founded. Petra Roth becomes mayor. 1996 – City website online (approximate date). 1998 – European Central Bank headquartered in Frankfurt. 1999 – Main Tower built. 2000 Museum Giersch opens. Population: 646,550.

21st century

2001 – Metropolis (movie theatre) in business. 2002 – Köln–Frankfurt high-speed rail line begins operating. 2003 Bikeshare program launched. (monument) installed. 2005 - Wikimania conference held in city. 2007 Holy Cross – Centre for Christian Meditation and Spirituality of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Limburg in the Holy Cross Church in Bornheim founded. City twinned with Dubai, United Arab Emirates. 2009 – Zeil renovated. 2011 June–July: City co-hosts the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. City twinned with Yokohama, Japan. 2012 - Peter Feldmann becomes mayor. 2013 – City twinned with Eskişehir, Turkey. 2014 – Population: 714,241. 2015 Economic unrest. City twinned with Philadelphia, United States.

See also History of Frankfurt am Main List of mayors of Frankfurt

Other cities in the state of Hesse:(de) Timeline of Kassel

References

This article incorporates information from the German Wikipedia.

Bibliography

in English Published in 18th–19th centuries

Published in 20th century

+ 1882 ed.

(chronology)

in German circa 1646/1655 (bibliography)

External links

Tourismus+Congress GmbH. Frankfurt City History