The Reichenau Glossary is a collection of Latin glosses likely compiled in the 8th century in northern France to assist local clergy in understanding certain words or expressions found in the Vulgate Bible.Engels 1968 They constitute an important document in Romance linguistics, particularly Gallo-Romance.
Background Over the centuries Jerome’s translation of the Bible () became more difficult to read for novice clergy as a result of the various grammatical, lexical, and phonological changes that Latin was experiencing in the course of its evolution into Romance. To facilitate interpretation, scribes would put together glossaries or collected explanations of words or phrases found in the Vulgate.Elcock 1960: 311–312 The words used as glosses tended to be those that were destined to survive in Romance,Alkire & Rosen 2010: 319 whilst the words that needed glossing generally were not.
What is now known as the Reichenau Glossary was compiled circa the eighth century at the Abbey of Corbie in Picardy. From there it eventually found its way to the Abbey of Reichenau, in southern Germany, where it was found in 1863 by the philologist Adolf Hotzmann.Quiros 1986: 43
Selected entries
Term found in Vulgate MeaningDescendants Gloss(es) Origin Descendantshidden./—Attested variant of CL 'hidden', a cognate of .PR. OFr. OOcc. Cat. OSp. OPt. Vnz. It. Ro. abiogo_away.—uadoVado meant 'hurry, rush' in CL. PR. */ˈβao/OFr. vois Fr. vaisCat. vaigOcc. vauSp. voyAst. voPt. vouVnz. vagoVgl. visIt. vadoNap. vacoabgetariiwoodworkers—carpentariiCL for 'wagon makers'.PR. */karpenˈtarʲi/nomOFr. charpentierPR. */karpenˈtarʲos/accFr. charpentiersOcc. carpentièrsSp. carpinterosPt. carpinteirosabsintiowormwood./PR. */apˈsɪntʲo/OFr. assenzOOcc. aussenSp. ajenjo, asenjoAst. axenxuVgl. ascianzOIt. assenzoaloxinoGreek ἀλόη όξίνηςAdams 2008: 333 'bitter aloe'.PR. */aˈlɔksɪna/Fr. aluineOSp. alosnaPt. alosnaadolescentiayouth—iuuentusCL synonym.PR. */jʊˈβɛntu/OFr. joventOcc. joventCat. joventaculeusstinger—aculeonisDerivative based on CL aculeus + -o, -onis, originally a noun-forming suffix but serving here merely as an extender. Note the Gallo-Romance analogical nominative in place of the expected *aculeo.PR. */akuˈlʲone/Fr. aiguillonOcc. agulhonSp. aguijónAst. guiyónGlc. aguillónaesbronze—eramenDerivative based on aer- (obl. stem of aes) + -men, originally a noun-forming suffix but serving here merely as an extender. Attested in the fourth-century Codex Theodosianus. PR. */aˈramen/Fr. airainOcc. aramCat. aramAst. aramePt. arameRms. arom It. rameRo. aramăSrd. ràmenePR. */aˈramɪne/Pei 1941: 150.Sp. alambreagerfieldPR. */ˈaɡru/Occ. agrePie. aireIt. agroRo. agru'field, land'campus Already a near-synonym in CL. PR. */ˈkampʊs/nomOFr. chansPR. */ˈkampu/accFr. champOcc. campCat. campSp. campoAst. campuPt. campoRms. champVgl. cuompIt. campoNap. campoSrd. campoRo. câmpannuantnod..—cinnantVerb based on LL cinnus 'wink', a word of obscure origin.PR. */ˈkɪnnant/OFr. cenentOOcc. cenanPt. acenam+prefIt. accennano+prefanxiareturworry....OIt. ansiaSp. ansiaPt. ansia'eagerly await'angustiareturLL verb based on CL angustia 'tribulations, difficulties'.PR. */anˈɡʊstʲat/Fr. angoisseOcc. angoissaCat. angoixaIt. angosciaaperboarPR. */ˈapru/Srd. porcaprusaluaticus porcusPeriphrase, lit. 'wild pig'. PR. */ˈpɔrkʊs salˈβatɪkʊs/nomOFr. pors salvadgesPR. */ˈpɔrku salˈβatɪku/accFr. porc sauvageOcc. pòrc salvatgeCat. porc salvatgeRms. portg selvadiVgl. puarc salvuticIt. porco salvaticoRo. porc sălbaticarbustaorchards—arbricellusRendering of *arboriscellus, a postclassical compound based on CL arbor, arboris 'tree' + -cellus, a conflation of CL -culus and -ellus, both diminutive-forming suffixes.PR. */arborɪsˈkɛllu/Fr. arbrisseauOcc. arbrissèl'shrubbery'It. arboscello'sapling'areathreshing-floorPR. */ˈarʲa/Fr. aireOcc. ièraCat. eraSp. Ast. eraPt. eiraIt. aiaRo. ariedaneaFrankish *dannja.Wal. dègneMarchot 1901: 75arenasandPR. */aˈrena/OFr. areine Occ. arenaCat. arenaSp. arenaAst. areñaPt. areiaIt. renaNap. renaSrd. renaORo. arinăARo. arinãsabulo CL for 'gravel'. PR. */saˈblone/Fr. sablonOcc. sablonCat. saulóSp. sablónRms. sablunVgl. salbaunIt. sabbione IRo. salbunarmillabraceletPR. */arˈmɪlla/Sp. armellabaucusUltimately from Proto-Germanic *baugaz.OFr. bouatramblack...—nigram Nearly synonymous with atram in CL and replaced the latter in LL. PR. */ˈnɪɡra/Fr. noireGsc. neraOcc. negraCat. negraSp. negraPt. negraPie. neiraRms. naireVgl. niaraIt. neraNap. neuraRo. neagrăaxisaxlePR. */ˈakse/Fr. ais 'plank' Occ. aisCat. eixSp. ejeAst. exaPt. eixoIt. asse'beam, axle'ascialisAn attempt to render *axialis, a postclassical compound based on CL axis 'axle' + -alis, originally an adjective-forming suffix. PR. */akˈsale/OFr. aisselPR. */akˈsile/Fr. essieubenignitatekindness.—bonitateOften had this sense in CL.PR. */bonɪˈtate/Fr. bontéOcc. bontatCat. bontatSp. bondadPt. bondadeOIt. bontadeIt. bontàRo. bunătatebinasin_pairs...—duas et duas Periphrase, literally 'two and two'. Fr. deux à deuxSp. de dos en dosPt. de dois em doisIt. due a duecalamusreed-penPR. */ˈkalamu/Fr. chaume'stubble, thatch' Fr. calame 'reed-pen'pennaCL for 'feather', reflecting a change in the usual writing implement by late antiquity.PR. */ˈpɪnna/OFr. penePt. penaIt. pennaSic. pinnaRo. peanăcallidiordevious.—uitiosiorComparative form of CL uitiosus 'wicked, corrupt'.PR. */βɪˈtʲosu/OFr. voisosOcc. viciósCat. viciós'depraved'It. vezzoso'charming'calumpniamslander.PR. */kaˈlʊmnʲa/OFr. chalongeOOcc. calonjaOSp. caloñaOPt. coimacontentioCL for 'quarrel, dispute'. PR. */tenˈtʲone/-prefOOcc. tensóncalxheelPR. */'kalke/OPt. couceGlc. coucePt. coiceOSp. coçeSp. coz'kick'calcaneumCompound based on calx + -aneus, originally an adjective-forming suffix but now serving merely as an extender.PR. */kalˈkanʲu/OFr. calcainGsc. caucanhCat. calcaniOSp. calannoAst. calcañuRms. chalchagnIt. calcagnoSrd. carcanzuARo. cãlcãnjuRo. călcâicaminumfurnace.PR. */kaˈminu/Rms. chaminVgl. camainIt. caminoclibanumA late borrowing of Greek κλίβανος. Did not survive in Romance.—cartallobasket./—panario CL for 'breadbasket'. PR. */paˈnarʲu/Fr. panierOcc. panièrSp. paneroPt. paneiroOIt. panaioNap. panarocaseumcheese.PR. */ˈkasʲu/Sp. quesoPt. queijoVgl. chisTsc. cascioNap. casoSrd. casuRo. cașformaticumCompound based on CL forma 'mould' + -aticus, a derivational suffix that became especially popular in Gallo-Romance. The original sense here appears to have been 'that which is made in a mould'. Fr. fromageOcc. formatgeCat. formatgePR. */kaˈsʲɔlu/dimRms. chaschölcrastrobarracks./PR. */ˈkastru/Sp. castroPt. castroheribergoFrankish *heriberga.OFr. herbergeOcc. albèrgocementariistonecuttersFr. cimentiersmationesFrankish *makjo. Note the free interchange, before a following vowel, of and , both representing [ts].Alkire & Rosen: 62–63 Fr. maçonsOcc. maçonscementariisstonecutters./macionibuscenaculachambers—mansiunculasLL diminutive of CL mansio 'lodging'. PR. */maˈsʲones/-dimFr. maisonsOcc. maisonsSp. mesonesOPt. meijãoesVgl. mošune'barns'It. magioni'houses'Srd. masonesherds' |- |cesis |beaten./. |— |flagellatis |CL for 'whipped'. |PR. */flaɡelˈlatos/OFr. flaelez Fr. flaggelés |- | rowspan="2" |cibaria | rowspan="2" |food | rowspan="2" |Ast. cebera 'produce, cereal' | rowspan="2" |cibus uiuendi | rowspan="2" |A phrase reminiscent of Proto-Romance *uiuanda 'food', an alteration of CL uiuenda 'that which is necessary for life'.TLFi: "viande" |PR. */βiˈβanda/Fr. viande'meat'Occ. viandaAst. vianda 'meal'It. vivanda'food' |- |PR. */βiˈβɛnda/Sp. viviendaPt. vivenda'residence, housing' |- |clibanus |oven |— |furnus |The more usual CL word. |PR. */ˈfʊrnu/accFr. fourOcc. fornCat. fornAra. furnoSp. hornoAst. fornuPt. fornoRms. furnIt. fornoNap. fuornoSrd. furruARo. furnu |- |cliuium |hill. |—||montania|| Rendering of *montanea, a postclassical compound based on CL mont- (obl. stem of mons 'mountain') + -anea, originally an adjective-forming suffix but now serving merely as an extender.||PR. */monˈtanʲa/Fr. montagneOcc. montanhaCat. muntanyaSp. montañaPt. montanha Rms. muntognaIt. montagnaNap. muntagna |- | rowspan="2" |coccinus | rowspan="2" |scarlet | rowspan="2" |—|| rowspan="2" |rubeus|| rowspan="2" | CL for 'red'. || PR. */ˈrʊβʲʊs/nomOFr. roges |- |PR. */ˈrʊβʲu/accFr. rougeGsc. arruiOcc. rogeCat. roigAra. roioSp. rubioAst. roxuPt. ruivoPie. rubiIt. robbioSrd. rubiuRo. roib |- |colliridam |pastry. |— |turtam |Already attested in the first-century Vindolanda tablets.Adams 2007: 611 Presumably from torta 'twisted', in reference to the shape of the pastry. |PR. */ˈtʊrta/Fr. tourteOcc. tortaSp. tortaRms. turtaVgl. turtaIt. tortaSrd. turtaRo. turtă |- |commutatione |exchange. |— ||concambiis||Late borrowing of Gaulish *cambion. The glosser has added the prefix con- by analogy with commutatione.||PR. */ˈkambʲu/-prefFr. changeOcc. cambiCat. canviSp. cambioPt. cambioIt. cambioRo. schimb |- |compellit |urge. |— |anetset |Frankish *anhattian.Rossi 2004: 144 |OFr. anecetOIt. anizzaOPt. anaça |- |concidit |cut.. |—||taliauit|| Verb based on CL talea 'cutting from a plant'. || PR. */taˈlʲaut/Fr. taillaCat. tallàSp. tajóPt. talhouIt. tagliò Ro. tăie |- | rowspan="2" |contumeliam | rowspan="2" |belittlement. | rowspan="2" |—|| rowspan="2" |uerecundiam|| rowspan="2" | CL for 'shame, disgrace'. || PR. */βerˈɡʊnʲa/Fr. vergogneOcc. vergonhaCat. vergonyaOSp. verguennaAst. vergoñaPt. vergonhaIt. vergognaNap. vregogna |- |PR. */βerˈɡʊndʲa/Occ. vergunjaSp. vergüenzaOPt. vergonçaLmb. vargonjaSrd. brigunza |- | rowspan="2" |coturnices | rowspan="2" |quail. |PR. */kotʊrˈnikes/Sp. codornizesPt. codornizesOIt. cotornici|| rowspan="2" |quacoles|| rowspan="2" | Onomatopoeic.|| rowspan="2" | PR. */ˈkʷakkolas/Fr. caillesOcc. calhasCat. guatlesRib. guallasRms. quacrasIt. quaglie |- |PR. */kotʊrˈniklas/dimRo. potârnichi'partridges' |- |scabrones |hornets |PR. */karaˈbrones/Pt. cambrãosIt. calabroni |uuapces |Frankish *wapsa. |Fr. guêpes |- | rowspan="2" |crebro | rowspan="2" |sieve. | rowspan="2" |— | rowspan="2" |criuolo | rowspan="2" |The same word after liquid dissimilation.A prominent phenomenon in spoken Latin, as pointed out by Grandgent (1907: §292). Cf. the form criblare. The extra appears to be a hypercorrection. |PR. */ˈkriβru/Fr. cribleAra. gribafemSp. criboPt. crivoPie. cribiLmb. cribiSrd. chilibruRo. ciur |- |PR. */kriˈβɛllu/dimGsc. crièthOcc. crivèlCat. garbellIt. crivello |- |crura |shins |—||tibia|| Had this sense in CL as well. || PR. */ˈtiβʲa/Fr. tige'stem' |- | rowspan="2" |culmen | rowspan="2" |peak |PR. */ˈkʊlmen/It. colmoAst. cume, cuelmuPt. cumeRo. culme | rowspan="2" |spicus | rowspan="2" |Attested Classical variant of spica 'point' or 'ear of grain'. |PR. */sˈpiku/accFr. épiOcc. espicFrl. spiRo. spic |- |PR. */ˈkʊlmɪne/Sp. cumbre |PR. */sˈpika/femOcc. espigaCat. espigaSp. espigaPt. espigaVgl. spaicaIt. spigaSrd. ispica |- |cuncti |all. |—||omnes|| CL synonym. || PR. */ˈɔmnes/OIt. onni |- |da |give.. |PR. */ˈda/Gsc. daAra. daSp. daPt. dáRms. Vgl. duIt. dàSrd. daRo. dă |dona|| CL synonym and cognate that became more popular in Gallo-Romance. || PR. */ˈdona/Fr. donneOcc. donaCat. donaAra. dona |- |denudare |lay_bare. |PR. */dɪsnuˈdare/Fr. dénuer 'deprive'Sp. desnudarAst. esnudarPt. desnudar'undress' |discooperire|| Compound based on CL dis- (a negating prefix) + cooperire 'cover up'. || PR. */dɪskopeˈrire/Fr. découvrirOcc. descobrirCat. descobrirSp. descubrirPt. descobrirPie. descörveIt. discoprireRo. descoperire |- |detestare |revile. |—||blasphemare|| A late borrowing of Greek βλασφημέειν 'id.' || PR. */blasteˈmare/Fr. blâmerOcc. blaimarCat. blasmarSp. lastimarPt. lastimarVgl. blasmurOIt. biastemmiareSrd. brastimarRo. blestemare |- |dilecta |love... |— |amata |CL synonym in this context. |PR. */aˈmata/OFr. amedeFr. aiméeOcc. aimadaCat. amadaAra. amataSp. amadaPt. amadaVnz. amàIt. amataSrd. amada |- |ducta |lead...