Great Khans and Yuan dynasty
Before Kublai Khan announced the dynastic name "Great Yuan" in 1271, Great Khans (Khagan) of the Mongol Empire (Ikh Mongol Uls) already started to use the Chinese title of Emperor () practically in the Chinese language since Genghis Khan (as ).
With the establishment of the Yuan dynasty in 1271, the Kublaids became Yuan emperors, who took on a dual identity of Khagan for the Mongols and Huangdi for ethnic Han.
RulerReignInformationGenghis Khan1206 - 1227The first Khan of the Mongol Empire.Tolui Khan1227 - 1229Regent of the Mongol Empire until his brother, Ögedei became Khan.Ögedei Khan13 September 1229 – 11 December 1241The second Khan of the Mongol Empire.Töregene Khatun1242 - 1246Regent of the Mongol Empire until the election of her son, Güyük Khan.Güyük Khan24 August 1246 – 20 April 1248The third Khan of the Mongol Empire.Oghul Qaimish1248 - 1251Regent of the Mongol Empire until her death in 1251.Möngke Khan1 July 1251 – 11 August 1259The fourth Khan of the Mongol Empire.Ariq Böke11 August 1259 – 12 August 1264Claimed the title of Great Khan and fought against Kublai in the Toluid Civil War.Kublai Khan18 December 1271 – 18 February 1294The first emperor of the Yuan Dynasty.Temür Khan10 May 1294 – 10 February 1307The second emperor of the Yuan Dynasty.Külüg Khan21 June 1307 – 27 January 1311The third emperor of the Yuan Dynasty.Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan7 April 1311 – 1 March 1320The fourth emperor of the Yuan Dynasty.Gegeen Khan19 April 1320 – 4 September 1323The fifth emperor of the Yuan Dynasty.Yesün Temür4 October 1323 – 15 August 1328The sixth emperor of the Yuan Dynasty.Ragibagh KhanOctober 1328 - 14 November 1328The seventh emperor of the Yuan Dynasty.Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür16 October 1328 – 26 February 1329. (first reign)8 September 1329 – 2 September 1332 (second reign)The eighth emperor of the Yuan DynastyKhutughtu Khan Kusala27 February 1329 – 30 August 1329The ninth emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. Seized the throne from Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür.Rinchinbal Khan23 October 1332 – 14 December 1332The tenth emperor of the Yuan Dynasty.Toghon Temür19 July 1333 – 10 September 1368The eleventh emperor and last emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. Also the first emperor of the Northern Yuan Dynasty.
Ilkhans
The title of Il Khan was used consistently only in the first half of the dynasty, and after the reign of Geikhatu it was rarely used, with the titles Padishah or Sultan being used instead.
House of Hulegu (1256–1335; Ilkhanate Mongol kings) Hulegu Khan (1256–1265) Abaqa Khan (1265–1282) Ahmad Tegüder (1282–1284) Arghun (1284–1291) Gaykhatu (1291–1295) Baydu (1295) Mahmud Ghazan (1295–1304) Muhammad Khodabandeh (Oljeitu or Öljaitü) (1304–1316) Abu Sa'id Bahadur (1316–1335)
After the death of Abu Said, the Warlords, governors and regional states raised their own candidates as claimants.
House of Ariq Böke Arpa Ke'ün (1335–1336)
House of Hulegu (1336–1357) Musa (1336–1337) (puppet of 'Ali Padshah of Baghdad) Muhammad (1336–1338) (Jalayirid puppet) Sati Beg (1338–1339) (Chobanid puppet) Sulayman (1339–1343) (Chobanid puppet, recognized by the Sarbadars 1341–1343) Jahan Temür (1339–1340) (Jalayirid puppet) Anushirwan (1343–1356) (Chobanid puppet) Ghazan II (1356–1357) (known only from coinage)
House of Hasar Claimants from eastern Persia (Khurasan): Togha Temür (c. 1338–1353) (recognized by the Kartids 1338–1349; by the Jalayirids 1338–1339, 1340–1344; by the Sarbadars 1338–1341, 1344, 1353) Luqman (1353–1388) (son of Togha Temür and the protégé of Timur) Khans of the Chagatai Khanate Personal Name Reign Religion Chagatai Khan 1226–1242 CE Tengrism Qara Hülëgü 1242–1246 CE 1st ReignTengrism Yesü Möngke 1246–1252 CE Tengrism Qara Hülëgü 1252 CE 2nd Reign Tengrism Mubarak Shah His mother Orqina Khatun was regent during this time1252–1260 CE 1st Reign Islam Alghu bin Baidar 1260–1266 CETengrism Mubarak Shah 1266 CE 2nd Reign Islam Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq 1266–1270 CE Islam Kaidu bin Kashin and his son Chapar bin Kaidu ruled as de facto Khans from 1270 until 1304. The Chagatai Khans during this period were appointed by them but still rebelled when they tried to exert their authority. Negübei Under Kaidu bin Kashin 1270–1272 CETengrism Buqa Temür Under Kaidu bin Kashin 127?–1282 CETengrism Duwa Under Kaidu bin Kashin & Chapar bin Kaidu1282–1306 CETengrism Restoration of Chagatai Khanate independence. Duwa 1306–1307 CETengrism Könchek 1307–1308 CETengrism Taliqu 1308–1309 CE Islam Kebek 1309–1310 CE 1st ReignTengrism Esen Buqa I 1310–1318 CETengrism Kebek 1318–1325 CE 2nd ReignTengrism Eljigidey 1325–1329 CE Tengrism Duwa Temür 1329–1330 CETengrism Ala-ad-din Tarmashirin 1331–1334 CE Islam Buzan 1334–1335 CETengrism Changshi 1335–1338 CETengrism Yesun Temur 1338–1342 CETengrism Ali Sultan 1342 CE Islam Muhammad I ibn Pulad 1342–1343 CE Islam Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur 1343–1346 CE Islam Qazan's death signified the end of the effective power of the Chagatai khans within the ulus; subsequent khans were rulers in name only. Qazaghan took the title of Amir and to legitimize himself conferred the title of khan on descendants of Genghis Khan of his own choosing. Danishmandchi Under Qazaghan 1346–1348 CE Islam During Qazaghan's reign the Chagatai Khanate devolved into a loose confederation of tribes. This resulted in the Division of the Empire in 1347 CE into the Western Chagatai Khanate and Eastern part known as Moghulistan under Tughlugh Timur.
Blue rows signifies nominal rule.
Emirs of Timurid Empire No. Coin Name Reign Life details1 Timur Beg Gurkani 9 April 1370 – 18 February 1405 1320s – 18 February 1405 De facto ruler of Chagatai Khanate under Soyurghatmïsh Khan and Sultan Mahmud Khan. Adopted the junior Arabic title of Emir. 2Pir Muhammad 18 February 1405 – 22 February 1407 1376 – 22 February 1407 Grandson of Timur through Jahangir Mirza, and his nominated heir.3Khalil Sultan 18 February 1405 – 1409 13 August 1384 – 3 November 1411 Grandson of Timur through Miran Shah. Seized and ruled from Samarkand against Pir Muhammad.4Shahrukh Mirza 20 February 1405 – 13 March 1447 20 August 1377 – 13 March 1447 Son of Timur5Ulugh Beg Mirza 13 March 1447 – 27 October 1449 22 March 1394 – 27 October 1449 Son of Shahrukh Mirza
List of monarchs
Empire (1747–1823; 1839–1842)
Kandahar (1793–1795)
Herat (1793–1863)
List of rulers
Shaybanids
Shah Bakht Muhammad Shaybani ibn Shah Budaq ibn Abu'l-Khayr Khan (1501–1510) Suyunchuk Khwaja ibn Abu'l-Khayr Khan (1511–1512) ruler in Tashkent during Safavid occupation Kuchkunchi Muhammad ibn Abu'l-Khayr Khan (1512–1530) Abu Sa'id Khan ibn Kuchkunchi Muhammad (1530–1533) Ubaydallah ibn Mahmud Shah ibn Shah Budaq ibn Abu'l-Khayr Khan (1533–1540) Abdullah I ibn Kuchkunchi Muhammad (1540) Abdul-Latif ibn Kuchkunchi Muhammad (1540–1552) Nawruz Ahmad (Baraq) ibn Suyunchuk Khwaja (1552–1556) Pir Muhammad I ibn Jani Beg ibn Khwaja Muhammad ibn Abu'l-Khayr Khan (1556–1561) Iskandar ibn Jani Beg (1561–1583) Abdullah II ibn Iskandar (1583–1598); de facto ruled since 1561 Abdul-Mu'min ibn Abdullah (1598) Pir Muhammad II ibn Sulayman ibn Jani Beg (1598–1599)
Janids
Yar Muhammad Khan (1599–1600) abdicated, died c. 1612; son-in-law of Iskandar ibn Jani Beg ("Iskandar Khan"); descended from Küchük Muhammad Khan of the Golden Horde Jani Muhammad Khan (1600–1603) Baqi Muhammad Khan (1600–1606) de facto ruled since 1599; abdicated Vali Muhammad Khan (1606–1611) deposed Imam Quli Khan (1611) deposed Vali Muhammad Khan (1611) restored Imam Quli Khan (1611–1641) restored, abdicated, died 1642 Nadr Muhammad Khan (1642–1645) deposed, died 1651 Abd al-Aziz Khan (1645–1681) abdicated, died 1684 Subhan Quli Khan (1681–1702) Muhammad Ubaidullah Khan (1702 – 18 March 1711) Abu al-Fayz Khan (1711–1747) Muhammad Abd al-Mumin (1747–1750) Muhammad Ubaidullah II (1750–1753) adopted into family, nominal monarch
Manghits Muhammad Rahim (usurper), atalik (1753–1756), khan (1756–1758) Shir Ghazi (1758–?) Abu'l-Ghazi Khan (1758–1785) List of emirs Titular NamePersonal NameReignAtaliq I Khudayar Bey ?Ataliq II Muhammad Hakim ?–1747Ataliq III Muhammad Rahim 1747–1753Amir I 1753–1756Khan 1756–1758Ataliq IV Daniyal biy 1758–1785Amir Masum Shahmurad 1785–1800Amir II Haydar bin Shahmurad 1800–1826Amir III Mir Hussein bin Haydar 1826–1827Amir IV Umar bin Haydar 1827Amir V Nasr-Allah bin Haydar Tora 1827–1860Amir VI Muzaffar bin Nasrullah 1860–1885Amir VII Abdul-Ahad bin Muzaffar al-Din 1885–1910Amir VIII Muhammad Alim Khan bin Abdul-Ahad 1910–1920Overthrow of Emirate of Bukhara by Bukharan People's Soviet Republic, which, in turn, was forcibly replaced by Bolsheviks. Pink Rows denote progenitor chiefs serving as Tutors (Ataliqs) & Viziers to the Khans of Bukhara. Green Rows denote chiefs who took over reign of government from the Janids and placed puppet Khans. A photo of Mohammed Alim Khan, final emir 1911–1920, is shown at Emir.
Bukharan People's Soviet Republic[ Political leaders
Name Took office Left office Party Notes Chairmen of the Central Revolutionary Committee Mirzo Abduqodir Mansurovich Mukhitdinov 2 September 1920 22 September 1921 Communist Party of Bukhara Styled Chairman of the Provisional Revolutionary Committee from 2 September to 6 October 1920 Polat Usmon Khodzhayev 25 September 1921 8 December 1921 Communist Party of Bukhara Chairmen of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee Polat Usmon Khodzhayev 23 September 1921 12 April 1922 Communist Party of Bukhara Muin Jon Aminov 12 April 1922 18 August 1922 Communist Party of Bukhara Porsa Khodzhayev 18 August 1922 27 October 1924 Communist Party of Bukhara Chairmen of the Council of People's Nazirs (Ministers) Fayzulla Xoʻjayev 8 October 1920 19 April 1923 Communist Party of Bukhara Mirzo Abduqodir Mansurovich Mukhitdinov 15 June 1923 27 October 1924 Communist Party of Bukhara
List of khans
Reign Ruler1709–1722Shahrukh Biy1722–1734Abd al-Rahim Biy1734–1751Abd al-Karim Biy1751–1752Irdana Biy (1st Reign)1752–1753Baba Biy1753–1769Irdana Biy (2nd Reign)1769–1770Sulayman Biy1770–1799Narbuta Biy1799–1811Alim Khan1811–1822Muhammad Umar Khan1822–1842Muhammad Ali Khan1842–1844Shir Ali Khan1844Murad Beg Khan 1844–1852Muhammad Khudayar Khan (1st Reign)Mingbashi Musulmonqul (Regent for Khudayar Khan)1852–1858Muhammad Khudayar Khan (2nd Reign)1858–1862Muhammad Mallya Beg Khan 1862Shah Murad Khan 1862–1863Muhammad Khudayar Khan (3rd Reign) 1863–1865Sultan Sayyid Khan (puppet of Alimqul)1865Bil Bahchi Khan1865–1875Muhammad Khudayar Khan (4th Reign)1875Nasruddin Khan (1st Reign) 1875Muhammad Pulad Beg Khan 1876 Nasruddin Khan (2nd Reign)
Sources:
Governors-General of Turkestan
The governorate-general was administered by a series of military generals appointed by the Tsar. Name Tenure Military Rank Konstantin von Kaufman 1867–1882 Engineer-General Mikhail Chernyayev 1882–1884 Lieutenant General Nikolai Rozenbakh 1884–1889 General of Infantry Alexander Vrevsky 1889–1898 Lieutenant General / General of Infantry Sergei Dukhovskoi 1898–1901 General of Infantry Nikolai Ivanov 1901–1904 Lieutenant General Nikolai Tevyashev 1904–1905 General of Cavalry Dejan Subotić 1905–1906 Lieutenant General Nikolai Grodekov 1906–1908 General of Infantry Pavel Mishchenko 1908–1909 General of Artillery Alexander Samsonov 1909–1914 General of Cavalry Fedor Martson 1914–1916 General of Infantry Aleksey Kuropatkin 1916–1917 General of Infantry
Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee
Kobozev, Pyotr Alekseevich (April – May 1918), Solkin, Andrey Fedorovich, contributor (April – 2 June 1918) Tobolin, Ivan Osipovich (2 June – 5 October 1918) Votintsev, Vsevolod Dmitrievich (October 1918 – 19 January 1919) – (19 January – 31 March 1919) Kazakov, Aristarkh Andreevich (31 March – July 1919) Kobozev, Pyotr Alekseevich (July – September 1919) Apin, Ivan Andreevich (September 1919 – January 1920) Ryskulov, Turar Ryskulovich (January – 21 July 1920)