List of stock market crashes and bear markets

This is a list of stock market crashes and bear markets. The difference between the two lies in the rate of decline and timeframe over which they occur. Stock market crashes are quick and brief, while bear markets are slow and prolonged. The two do not necessarily happen in conjunction.

Table

NameDateCountryNotesRefTulip mania BubbleA bubble (1633–37) in the Dutch Republic, during which contracts for bulbs of tulips reached extraordinarily high prices, and suddenly collapsed.The Mississippi Bubble Banque Royale by John Law stopped payments of its note, in exchange for specie and, as result, caused economic collapse in France.South Sea Bubble of 1720 Affected early European stock markets, during early days of chartered joint stock companies.The Dutch Bubble of 1720 A speculative mania in the Dutch Republic fueled by an influx of foreign capital, the rapid creation of new joint-stock companies and extensive Windhandel—unregulated options and forward contracts.Bengal Bubble of 1769 Primarily caused by the British East India Company, whose shares fell from £276 in December 1768 to £122 in 1784.Crisis of 1772 British AmericaFinancial Crisis of 1791–92 Shares of First bank of US boom and bust in Aug and Sept 1791. Groundwork of Alexander Hamilton's cooperation with the Bank of New York to end this event would be crucial in ending the Panic of 1792 (next year).Panic of 1796–1797 A series of downturns in Atlantic credit markets led to broader commercial downturns in Great Britain and the United States.Panic of 1819Panic of 1825Panic of 1837Panic of 1847Panic of 1857Panic of 1866Black FridayPanic of 1873Initiated the Long Depression in the United States and much of Europe.Paris Bourse crash of 1882Panic of 1884EncilhamentoLasting 3 years, 1890–1893, a boom and bust process that boomed in late 1880s and burst on early 1890s, causing a collapse in the Brazilian economy and aggravating an already unstable political situation.Viscount of Taunay; "O Encilhamento; scenas contemporaneas da Bolsa do Rio de Janeiro em 1890, 1891 e 1892" ("The Encilhamento: contemporary scenes of Rio Stock Exchange in 1890, 1891 & 1892") Editora Melhoramentos, Rio 1893Panic of 1893Panic of 1896Panic of 1901Lasting 3 years, the market was spooked by the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901, coupled with a severe drought later the same year.Panic of 1907Lasting over a year, markets took fright after U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt had threatened to rein in the monopolies that flourished in various industrial sectors, notably railways. Wall Street crash of 1929–29 Oct 1929 Lasting over 4 years, the bursting of the speculative bubble in shares led to further selling, as people who had borrowed money to buy shares had to cash them in, when their loans were called in. Also called the Great Crash or the Wall Street Crash, leading to the Great Depression.Recession of 1937–1938Lasting around a year, this share price fall was triggered by an economic recession within the Great Depression and doubts about the effectiveness of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policy.Kennedy Slide of 1962Also known as the 'Flash Crash of 1962'."Back to the Future: Lessons From the Forgotten 'Flash Crash' of 1962"Bear Market of 1970Over 20 months, rising inflation along with rising interest rates combined with the ongoing Vietnam War caused the S&P 500 to decline by 36.1%, coinciding with the Cambodia campaign.Brazilian Markets Crash of 1971Lasting through the 1970s and early-1980s, this was the end of a boom that started in 1969, compounded by the 1970s energy crisis coupled with early 1980s Latin American debt crisis.Gary Previts, Peter Walton & Peter Wolnizer "A Global History of Accounting, Financial Reporting And Public Policy; Americas – Volume 14B" The University of Sydney/The Accounting Foundation, Emerald Group Publishing Limited 2011 Page 41, from the last paragraphDetailed PDF Academic work about the subject UNICAMP June 2007Marta Barcellos & Simone Azevedo; "Histórias do Mercado de Capitais no Brasil" ("Histories of Financial Markets in Brazil") Campus Elsevier Brazil 2011 Introduction and Chapter 41973–1974 stock market crashLasting 23 months, dramatic rise in oil prices, the miners' strike and the downfall of the Heath government.Early 1980s recessionOver 21 months, rising interest rates to tame double-digit inflation caused the S&P 500 to decline by 27.1%.1980s oil glut1981–1986OPECSouk Al-Manakh stock market crashBlack Monday Infamous stock market crash that represented the greatest one-day percentage decline in U.S. stock market history, culminating in a bear market after a more than 20% plunge in the S&P 500 and Dow Jones Industrial Average. Among the primary causes of the chaos were program trading and illiquidity, both of which fueled the vicious decline for the day as stocks continued lower, even as volume grew lighter. Today, circuit breakers are in place, to prevent a repeat of Black Monday. After a 7% drop, trading would be suspended for 15 minutes, with the same 15 minute suspension kicking in after a 13% drop. However, in the event of a 20% drop, trading would be shut down for the remainder of the day.