Binandere is a Papuan language spoken in the "tail" of Papua New Guinea.
Phonology Binandere has 11 consonants: voiced and voiceless bilabials, alveolars, and velars; voiced labial and alveolar nasals; the flap /ɾ/; the voiced bilabial fricative /β/ and the palatal approximant /j/.
+ Consonants of Binandere Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Plosive p b t d k ɡ Nasal m n Fricative β Approximant j Tap/flap ɾ
Binandere also has the 5 common vowels /ɑ e i o u/ and their five nasal counterparts.
+ Vowels of Binandere FrontCentralBack Close Mid Open
These vowels can be combined to form up to 11 possible diphthongs: Oral: /iu/ /ei/ /eo/ /eu/ /ɑi/ /ɑe/ /ɑo/ /ɑu/ /oi/ /oe/ /ou/ Nasal: /ẽĩ/ /ɑ̃ĩ/ /ɑ̃õ/ /õũ/
Evolution
Below are some reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea proposed by Pawley (2012):
proto-Trans-New Guinea Binandere *m(i,u)ndu ‘nose’ mendo *m(o,u)k ‘milk, sap, breast’ mu ‘sap’ *mundun ‘internal organs’ mundu ‘kidney, testicles’ *(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV ‘eye’ (gisi)-moka ‘eye’ *mV ‘taro’ (Suena ma ‘taro’) *mV- ‘give’ (Korafe mut- ‘give’) *(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’ biriga ‘lightning’ *am(a,i) ‘mother’ ai (*m lost before i), (Suena mia) *amu ‘breast’ ami *k(i,u)tuma ‘night, morning’ tumba ‘darkness’ *na ‘’ na *na- ‘eat’ na- ‘eat, drink’ *n[e]i ‘bird’ ni *nVŋg- ‘know, hear, see’ (Korafe niŋg- ‘hear, understand’) pMadang-Binandere *nu[k] ‘ free pronoun’ nu *ka(m,mb)(a,u)na ‘stone’ ganuma (Korafe ghamana ‘stone’) *mundun ‘internal organs’ mundu ‘kidney, testicles’, (Korafe munju ‘egg’) *mbalaŋ ‘flame’ (?) beriberi ‘be alight’ *mbalaŋ ‘flame’ beri-beri ‘be alight’ *mbulikV ‘turn (oneself)’ (Guhu-Samane burisi eetaqu ‘turn over, turn s.th. around’) *mbeŋga-masi ‘orphan’, ‘widow and child’ (Suena boga masa ‘destitute widow and child’) *pu + verb ‘to blow’ Binandere put- ‘blow’ *ambi ‘man’ embo (Guhu-Samane abi ‘man’) *kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’ kopuru *[ka]tumba(C) ‘short’ tupo *kambu(s,t)(a,u) ‘smoke’ (?) imbosi *apa ‘father’ afa (Korafe afa) *ndaŋgi/ndiŋga ‘tie’ (Suena di ‘tie’) *m(i,u)ndu ‘nose’ mendo *mundun ‘internal organs’ mundu ‘kidney, testicles’, etc.’) *ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ (Yega kari ‘ear’) *inda ‘tree’ izi (cf. Notu ri) *[ka]tumba(C) ‘short’ tupo *k(i,u)tuma ‘night, morning’ Binandere tumba ‘darkness’, ‘night’) *kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’ kopuru *(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV ‘eye’ gisi moka *at(i,u) ‘netbag’ asi (Suena ati ‘netbag’) *si[si] ‘urine’ pBinandere *susu (Korafe soso) *titi ‘tooth’ ji *asi ‘string, rope’ asi ‘vine, string, rope’) *kasipa ‘to spit’ kosiwa ‘spittle’ *mbeŋga-masi ‘orphan’ (Suena boga masa ‘destitute’) ‘widow and child’ *kanjipa ‘sun’ (?) kariga ‘moon’ *(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV ‘eye’ gisi-(moka) *(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV ‘eye’ (gisi)-moka (Korafe móko ‘core, centre’) *nVŋg- ‘know, hear, see’ (pBinandere *niŋg- ‘hear’, Korafe niŋg- ‘hear, understand’) *mbeŋga-masi ‘orphan’ (Suena boga-masa ‘destitute’) ‘widow and child’ *kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’ kopuru *ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ (Yega kari) *kasipa ‘to spit’ kosiwa ‘spittle’, kosiwa ari ‘to spit’ *ka(m,mb)(a,u)na ‘stone’ ganuma (metath.) (Korafe ɣamana) *ka(m,mb)(a,u)na ‘stone’ ganuma (metath.) (Korafe ɣamana ‘stone’) *k(o,u)ndVC ‘bone’ (?) undoru ‘bones’ *kumV- ‘die’ (?) abu-bugari ‘dead people’, (pBin *ambu- ‘wither, be sick, dying’) *kambu(s,t)(a,u) ‘smoke’ (?) imbosi *ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ (Yega kari) *la(ŋg,k)a ‘ashes’ (aßa)-raka ‘fire’ *sikal/*sakil ‘hand, claw’ (?) siŋgu ‘finger’, finger’) *(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’ biriga ‘lightning’ *(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’ birigi
References
External links Doregari Kotopu Anglican Holy Communion in Binandere, digitized by Richard Mammana and Charles Wohlers Benunu tepo ae sakrament da kandoari ae ekalesia da jimbo nenei ainda book England da ekalesia da jimbo ango (1959) Book of Common Prayer digitized by Richard Mammana King, Copland. 1927. Grammar and Dictionary of the Binandere Language, Mamba River, North Division, Papua. Sydney: D.S. Ford.