Revelation 12 is the twelfth chapter of the Book of Revelation or the Apocalypse of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is traditionally attributed to John the Apostle, but the precise identity of the author remains a point of academic debate.F. L. Cross, The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 45 This chapter contains the accounts about the woman, the dragon, and the child, followed by the war between Michael and the dragon, then the appearance of the monster from the sea. William Robertson Nicoll, a Scottish Free Church minister, suggests that in this chapter the writer has created a Christianised version of a Jewish source which "described the birth of the Messiah in terms borrowed from ... cosmological myths [such as] that of the conflict between the sun-god and the dragon of darkness and the deep".Nicoll, W. R. (1897ff), Expositor's Greek Testament on Revelation 12, accessed 5 November 2018
While scholars have said the passages correspond to the contemporary Greco-Roman combat legends involving dragons, David Barr argued there are some distinctions between the Python myths known during the 1st and 2nd Century AD and Revelations. According to Barr, the Egyptian conflict of Set-Typhon who pursues the goddess Isis, is said to fit better, as the chaos creature is consistently depicted as a red animal, and attacks heaven casting down various stars and constellations.
Text The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 17 verses. The Vulgate version has 18 verses.: Vulgate
Textual witnesses Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are among others:Elliott, J. K. "Revelations from the apparatus criticus of the Book of Revelation: How Textual Criticism Can Help Historians." Union Seminary Quarterly Review 63, no. 3-4 (2012): 1-23. Papyrus 115 (ca. AD 275; extant verses 1-5, 8-10, 12-17) Papyrus 47 (3rd century) Codex Sinaiticus (330-360) Codex Alexandrinus (400-440) Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (ca. 450; complete)
Old Testament references Revelation 12:5: Psalm
New Testament references Revelation 12:5: Revelation ; 19:15.
The Woman, the Dragon and the Child (12:1–6)
Verse 1
Now a great sign appeared in heaven: a woman clothed with the sun, with the moon under her feet, and on her head a garland of twelve stars.: NKJV The King James Version refers to "a great wonder" KJV and the Revised Standard Version refers to "a great portent". RSV The Greek word used is , rendered sign in many other passages in the New Testament.Barnes, Albert, Barnes' Notes on Revelation 12, accessed 8 November 2018 Anglican biblical commentator William Boyd Carpenter writes that "the word sign is preferable to wonder, both in this verse and in Revelation 12:3. It is the same word which is rendered sign in . It is a sign which is seen: not a mere wonder, but something which has a meaning; it is not 'a surprise ending with itself', but a signal to arrest attention, and possessing significance; there is 'an idea concealed behind it'."Boyd Carpenter, W., Commentary on Revelation , chapter 12, accessed 7 November 2018
Verse 3 And another sign appeared in heaven: behold, a great, fiery red dragon having seven heads and ten horns, and seven diadems on his heads. NKJV The word rendered "dragon" - , - occurs 9 times (and 4 more in derivative forms)Strong's Greek 1404. drakón . Biblehub.com in the New Testament, only in the Book of Revelation, where it is uniformly rendered as here: "dragon". The word for diadem (Greek: διάδημα) occurs only three times in the New Testament, always in the Book of Revelation.
Verse 5 And she brought forth a man child, who was to rule all nations with a rod of iron: and her child was caught up unto God, and to his throne. KJV "A man child": from Greek: , , literally: "a son, a male".Vincent, Marvin R. (1886) Vincent's New Testament Word Studies, "Revelation 12" . Hendrickson Publishers. Internet Sacred Texts Archive. Biblehub. The term "man child" in (KJV: "A man child is born") is translated from the Hebrew term: , where in the Greek it is , or simply as in the Septuagint rendering of this passage.Bengel, Johann. Bengel's Gnomon of the New Testament. Revelation 12. Accessed on 24 April 2019. "Rule" from Greek: , , meaning "tend as a shepherd" (cf. ).Jamieson, Robert; Fausset, Andrew Robert; Brown, David. Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary On the Whole Bible, "Revelation 12" . 1871. It was prophesied in , that Christ should break the nations with a rod of iron.Poole, Matthew, A Commentary on the Holy Bible. "Revelation 12" .
Michael and the Dragon (12:7–12)
Verse 7 And war broke out in heaven: Michael and his angels fought with the dragon, and the dragon and his angels fought. NKJV Michael appears in the Book of Daniel as "the special patron or guardian angel of the people of Israel".Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Revelation 12 , accessed 28 April 2019
Verse 8 and they were not strong enough, and there was no longer a place found for them in heaven. NASB1995
Verse 9 And the great dragon was cast out, that old serpent called the Devil, and Satan, which deceiveth the whole world: he was cast out into the earth, and his angels were cast out with him. KJV "Old serpent": This is the only place in canonical Scripture where without doubt it is revealed that the 'Tempter in Eden' () was 'the Devil' (cf. for a non-canonical Scripture allusion).
Verse 11 And they overcame him by the blood of the Lamb, and by the word of their testimony, and they loved not their lives unto the death. KJV "Overcame him by the blood of the Lamb" or "conquered him on account of the blood of the Lamb", implying that the power of the accuser or the devil was removed when 'the Lamb of God' had taken away the sin of the world (), and when the redeemed people have the boldness to enter into the holiest by the blood of Jesus ().Boyd Carpenter, W., Revelation 12 , in Ellicott, C. J. (Ed.) 1905), Ellicott's Bible Commentary for English Readers, London: Cassell and Company, Limited, [1905-1906] Online version: (OCoLC) 929526708 accessed 28 April 2019
The Dragon and the Woman (12:13–17) Verse 14 And to the woman were given two wings of a great eagle, that she might fly into the wilderness, into her place, where she is nourished for a time, and times, and half a time, from the face of the serpent. KJV "Two wings of a great eagle": Bauckham sees the "eagle's wings" (; ; ) and the "wilderness" in this verse as "exodus motifs".
Verse 16 And the earth helped the woman, and the earth opened her mouth, and swallowed up the flood which the dragon cast out of his mouth. KJV "The earth opened her mouth and swallowed up": these words can be linked to the narrative of the earth opening her mouth and swallowing up Korah, Dathan, and Abiram in .
See also Jesus Christ John's vision of the Son of Man Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Seven-headed serpent Seven trumpets War in Heaven Woman of the Apocalypse Related Bible parts: Revelation 5, Revelation 6, Revelation 7, Revelation 8, Revelation 9, Revelation 11, Revelation 13
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links King James Bible - Wikisource English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English) Multiple bible versions at Bible Gateway (NKJV, NIV, NRSV, etc.)