Four hu

The four hu () are a traditional way of classifying syllable finals of Mandarin dialects, including Standard Chinese, based on different glides before the central vowel of the final. They are

kāikǒu (, "open mouth"), finals without a medial qíchǐ (, "even teeth"), finals beginning with [i] hékǒu (, "closed mouth"), finals beginning with [u] cuōkǒu (, "round mouth"), finals beginning with [y] The terms kāikǒu and hékǒu come from the Song dynasty rime tables describing Middle Chinese.Norman (1988), p. 32. The Qing phonologist Pan Lei divided each of these categories in two based on the absence or presence of palatalization, and named the two new categories. pp 128–129.

This traditional classification is reflected in the bopomofo notation for the finals, but less directly in the pinyin:

+Four hu tableKāikǒu Qíchǐ Hékǒu CuōkǒuIPABopomofoPinyinIPABopomofoPinyinIPABopomofoPinyinIPABopomofoPinyinㄚaㄧㄚiaㄨㄚua ㄜeㄧㄝieㄨㄛuoㄩㄝüeㄭ-iㄧiㄨuㄩüㄞai ㄨㄞuai ㄟei ㄨㄟwei/-ui ㄠaoㄧㄠiao ㄡouㄧㄡyou/-iu ㄢanㄧㄢianㄨㄢuanㄩㄢüanㄣenㄧㄣinㄨㄣwen/-unㄩㄣünㄤangㄧㄤiangㄨㄤuang ㄥengㄧㄥing, ㄨㄥweng/-ong ㄩㄥ iongㄦer

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