This is a list of dopaminergic drugs. These are pharmaceutical drugs, naturally occurring compounds and other chemicals that influence the function of the neurotransmitter dopamine.
Dopamine receptor ligands
Dopamine receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are prominent in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) and are implicated in many neurological processes, including motivational and incentive salience, cognition, memory, learning, and fine motor control, as well as modulation of neuroendocrine signaling. Abnormal dopamine receptor signaling and dopaminergic nerve function is implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders. Dopamine receptors are therefore common drug targets.
Dopamine receptors activate different effectors through not only G-protein coupling, but also signaling through different protein (dopamine receptor-interacting proteins) interactions.
Agonists
Adamantanes: Amantadine • Memantine • Rimantadine
Aminotetralins: 7-OH-DPAT • 8-OH-PBZI • Rotigotine • UH-232
Benzazepines: 6-Br-APB • Fenoldopam • SKF-38,393 • SKF-77,434 • SKF-81,297 • SKF-82,958 • SKF-83,959
Ergolines: Bromocriptine • Cabergoline • Dihydroergocryptine • Lisuride • Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) • Pergolide
Dihydrexidine derivatives: 2-OH-NPA • A-86,929 • Ciladopa • Dihydrexidine • Dinapsoline • Dinoxyline • Doxanthrine
Others: A-68,930 • A-77,636 • A-412,997 • ABT-670 • ABT-724 • Aplindore • Apomorphine • Aripiprazole • Azodopa • Bifeprunox • BP-897 • CY-208,243 • Dizocilpine • Etilevodopa • Flibanserin • Ketamine • Melevodopa • Modafinil • Pardoprunox • Phencyclidine • PD-128,907 • PD-168,077 • PF-219,061 • Piribedil • Pramipexole • Propylnorapomorphine • Pukateine • Quinagolide • Quinelorane • Quinpirole • RDS-127 • Ro10-5824 • Ropinirole • Rotigotine • Roxindole • Salvinorin A • SKF-89,145 • Sumanirole • Terguride • Umespirone • WAY-100,635
Antagonists
Typical antipsychotics: Acepromazine • Azaperone • Benperidol • Bromperidol • Clopenthixol • Chlorpromazine • Chlorprothixene • Droperidol • Flupentixol • Fluphenazine • Fluspirilene • Haloperidol • Loxapine • Mesoridazine • Methotrimeprazine • Nemonapride • Penfluridol • Perazine • Periciazine • Perphenazine • Pimozide • Prochlorperazine • Promazine • Sulforidazine • Sulpiride • Sultopride • Thioridazine • Thiothixene • Trifluoperazine • Triflupromazine • Trifluperidol • Zuclopenthixol
Atypical antipsychotics: Amisulpride • Asenapine • Blonanserin • Cariprazine • Carpipramine • Clocapramine • Clozapine • Gevotroline • Iloperidone • Lurasidone • Melperone • Molindone • Mosapramine • Ocaperidone • Olanzapine • Paliperidone • Perospirone • Piquindone • Quetiapine • Remoxipride • Risperidone • Sertindole • Tiospirone • Ziprasidone • Zotepine
Antiemetics: AS-8112 • Alizapride • Bromopride • Clebopride • Domperidone • Metoclopramide • Thiethylperazine
Others: Amoxapine • Buspirone • Butaclamol • Ecopipam • N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) • Eticlopride • Fananserin • L-745,870 • Nafadotride • Nuciferine • PNU-99,194 • Raclopride • Sarizotan • SB-277,011-A • SCH-23,390 • SKF-83,566 • SKF-83,959 • Sonepiprazole • Spiperone • Spiroxatrine • Stepholidine • Tetrahydropalmatine • Tiapride • UH-232 • Yohimbine
Reuptake inhibitors Dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitors Piperazines: DBL-583 • GBR-12,935 • Nefazodone • Vanoxerine
Piperidines: 1-(1-(1-Benzothiophen-2-yl)cyclohexyl)piperidine (BTCP) • Desoxypipradrol • Dextromethylphenidate • Difemetorex • Ethylphenidate • Methylnaphthidate • Isopropylphenidate • Methylphenidate • Phencyclidine • Pipradrol
Pyrrolidines: Diphenylprolinol • Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) • Naphyrone • Prolintane • Pyrovalerone
Tropanes: 3β-(4'-Chlorophenyl)-2β-(3'-phenylisoxazol-5'-yl)tropane (β-CPPIT) • Altropane • Brasofensine • WIN 35428 (β-CFT) • Cocaine • Dichloropane • Difluoropine • N-(2'-Fluoroethyl-)-3β-(4'-chlorophenyl)-2β-(3'-phenylisoxazol-5'-yl)nortropane (FE-β-CPPIT) • N-(3'-Fluoropropyl-)-3β-(4'-chlorophenyl)-2β-(3'-phenylisoxazol-5'-yl)nortropane (FP-β-CPPIT) • Ioflupane (123I) • Iometopane • RTI-112 • RTI-113 • RTI-121 • RTI-126 • RTI-150 • RTI-177 • RTI-229 • RTI-336 • Tenocyclidine • Tesofensine • Troparil • Tropoxane • 2β-Propanoyl-3β-(4-tolyl)-tropane (WF-11) • 2β-Propanoyl-3β-(2-naphthyl)-tropane (WF-23) • 2-Propanoyl-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-tropane (WF-31) • 2α-(Propanoyl)-3β-(2-(6-methoxynaphthyl))-tropane (WF-33)
Others: Adrafinil • Armodafinil • Amfonelic acid • Amineptine • Benzatropine (benztropine) • Bromantane • 2-Butyl-3-(p-tolyl)quinuclidine (BTQ) • BTS-74,398 • Bupropion (amfebutamone) • Ciclazindol • Diclofensine • Dimethocaine • Diphenylpyraline • Dizocilpine • DOV-102,677 • DOV-21,947 • DOV-216,303 • Etybenzatropine (ethylbenztropine) • EXP-561 • Fencamine • Fencamfamine • Fezolamine • GYKI-52,895 • Hydrafinil • Indatraline • Ketamine • Lefetamine • Levophacetoperane • LR-5182 • Manifaxine • Mazindol • Medifoxamine • Mesocarb • Modafinil • Nefopam • Nomifensine • NS-2359 • O-2172 • Pridefrine • Propylamphetamine • Radafaxine • SEP-225,289 • SEP-227,162 • Sertraline • Sibutramine • Tametraline • Tripelennamine
Vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) inhibitors Deserpidine • Deutetrabenazine • Ibogaine • Reserpine • Tetrabenazine • Valbenazine
Dopamine releasing agent
Morpholines: Fenbutrazate • Morazone • Phendimetrazine • Phenmetrazine
Oxazolines: 4-Methylaminorex (4-MAR, 4-MAX) • Aminorex • Clominorex • Cyclazodone • Fenozolone • Fluminorex • Pemoline • Thozalinone
Phenethylamines (also amphetamines, cathinones, phentermines, etc.): 2-Hydroxyphenethylamine (2-OH-PEA) • 4-Chlorophenylisobutylamine (4-CAB) • 4-Methylamphetamine (4-MA) • 4-Methylmethamphetamine (4-MMA) • Alfetamine • Amfecloral • Amfepentorex • Amfepramone • Amphetamine (dextroamphetamine, levoamphetamine) • Amphetaminil • β-Methylphenethylamine (β-Me-PEA) • Benzodioxolylbutanamine (BDB) • Benzodioxolylhydroxybutanamine (BOH) • Benzphetamine • Buphedrone • Butylone • Cathine • Cathinone • Clobenzorex • Clortermine • D-Deprenyl • Dimethoxyamphetamine (DMA) • Dimethoxymethamphetamine (DMMA) • Dimethylamphetamine • Dimethylcathinone (dimethylpropion, metamfepramone) • Ethcathinone (ethylpropion) • Ethylamphetamine • Ethylbenzodioxolylbutanamine (EBDB) • Ethylone • Famprofazone • Fenethylline • Fenproporex • Flephedrone • Fludorex • Furfenorex • Hordenine • Lophophine (homomyristicylamine) • Mefenorex • Mephedrone • Methamphetamine (desoxyephedrine, methedrine; dextromethamphetamine, levomethamphetamine) • Methcathinone (methylpropion) • Methedrone • Methoxymethylenedioxyamphetamine (MMDA) • Methoxymethylenedioxymethamphetamine (MMDMA) • Methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine (MBDB) • Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA, tenamfetamine) • Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) • Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine (MDOH) • Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) • Methylenedioxymethylphenethylamine (MDMPEA, homarylamine) • Methylenedioxyphenethylamine (MDPEA, homopiperonylamine) • Methylone • Ortetamine • Parabromoamphetamine (PBA) • Parachloroamphetamine (PCA) • Parafluoroamphetamine (PFA) • Parafluoromethamphetamine (PFMA) • Parahydroxyamphetamine (PHA) • Paraiodoamphetamine (PIA) • Paredrine (norpholedrine, oxamphetamine) • Phenethylamine (PEA) • Pholedrine • Phenpromethamine • Prenylamine • Propylamphetamine • Tiflorex (flutiorex) • Tyramine (TRA) • Xylopropamine • Zylofuramine
Piperazines: 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromobenzylpiperazine (2C-B-BZP) • Benzylpiperazine (BZP) • Methoxyphenylpiperazine (MeOPP, paraperazine) • Methylbenzylpiperazine (MBZP) • Methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine (MDBZP, piperonylpiperazine)
Others: 2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (2-ADN) • 2-Aminoindane (2-AI) • 2-Aminotetralin (2-AT) • 4-Benzylpiperidine (4-BP) • 5-Iodo-2-aminoindane (5-IAI) • Clofenciclan • Cyclopentamine • Cypenamine • Cyprodenate • Feprosidnine • Gilutensin • Heptaminol • Hexacyclonate • Indanylaminopropane (IAP) • Indanorex • Isometheptene • Methylhexanamine • Naphthylaminopropane (NAP) • Octodrine • Phthalimidopropiophenone • Propylhexedrine (levopropylhexedrine) • Tuaminoheptane (tuamine)
Activity enhancers Benzofuranylpropylaminopentane (BPAP) • Desmethylselegiline • Indolylpropylaminopentane (IPAP) • Phenethylamine • Phenylpropylaminopentane (PPAP) • Selegiline (L-deprenyl) • Tryptamine • Tyramine
Phenylalanine hydroxylase inhibitors 3,4-Dihydroxystyrene
Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors 3-Iodotyrosine • Aquayamycin • Bulbocapnine • Metirosine • Oudenone
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitors (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitors) Benserazide • Carbidopa • Genistein • Methyldopa
Degradation inhibitors Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Nonselective: Benmoxin • Caroxazone • Echinopsidine • Furazolidone • Hydralazine • Indantadol • Iproclozide • Iproniazid • Isocarboxazid • Isoniazid • Linezolid • Mebanazine • Metfendrazine • Nialamide • Octamoxin • Paraxazone • Phenelzine • Pheniprazine • Phenoxypropazine • Pivalylbenzhydrazine • Procarbazine • Safrazine • Tranylcypromine
MAO-A selective: Amiflamine • Bazinaprine • Befloxatone • Befol • Brofaromine • Cimoxatone • Clorgiline • Esuprone • Harmala alkaloids (harmine, harmaline, tetrahydroharmine, harman, norharman, etc.) • Methylene blue • Metralindole • Minaprine • Moclobemide • Pirlindole • Sercloremine • Tetrindole • Toloxatone • Tyrima
MAO-B selective: D-Deprenyl • Selegiline (L-deprenyl) • Ladostigil • Lazabemide • Milacemide • Mofegiline • Pargyline • Rasagiline • Safinamide
Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitors Entacapone • Nitecapone • Opicapone • Tolcapone
Dopamine beta hydroxylase inhibitors Bupicomide • Disulfiram • Dopastin • Fusaric acid • Nepicastat • Phenopicolinic acid • Tropolone
Others Precursors
L-Phenylalanine → L-tyrosine → L-DOPA (levodopa)
Cofactors Ferrous iron (Fe2+) • Tetrahydrobiopterin • Vitamin B3 (niacin, nicotinamide → NADPH) • Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal → pyridoxal phosphate) • Vitamin B9 (folic acid → tetrahydrofolic acid) • Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) • Zinc (Zn2+)
Neurotoxins MPP+ • MPTP • Oxidopamine (6-hydroxydopamine)
Levodopa prodrugs Etilevodopa • Foslevodopa • Melevodopa • XP-21279
Photopharmacological agents Photopharmacology enables light-controlled modulation of neurotransmitter systems by designing molecules whose activity can be precisely switched on or off using specific wavelengths of light. This approach has recently been extended to the dopaminergic system. A photoswitchable agonist of D1-like receptors (azodopa) has been described that allows reversible control of dopaminergic transmission in wildtype animals. Several others photopharmacological tools have been developed to target dopamine receptors using light-responsive ligands that allow reversible and non-invasive control over receptor activation. These include both photoisomerizable agonists/antagonists and caged dopamine derivatives that release the active compound upon irradiation. Such compounds offer valuable insights into dopamine signaling dynamics and hold promise for the development of experimental therapies for dopaminergic disorders, including Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia.
References