Alderson is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Brian Alderson (footballer) (1950–1997), Scottish footballer Bryce Alderson (born 1994), Canadian soccer player Dale Alderson (1918–1982), American baseball pitcher Dan Alderson, American scientist and participant in science fiction fandom Edward Alderson (judge) (c. 1787–1857), an English lawyer and judge Edward Alderson (parliamentary clerk) (1864–1951), an English lawyer and public servant Edwin Alderson, British general during Boer Wars and World War I Frederic Alderson, English rugby union international captain Helen Popova Alderson, Russian and British mathematician Kristen Alderson, American actress appearing on daytime soap opera One Life To Live Mozelle Alderson (1904–1994), American classic female blues singer Samuel W. Alderson, inventor of the crash-test dummy Sandy Alderson, American baseball executive
Fictional characters Elliot Alderson, lead character on the television series Mr. Robot, played by Rami Malek