Kreuzlingen () is a municipality in the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in north-eastern Switzerland. It is the seat of the district and is the second-largest city of the canton, after Frauenfeld, with a population of about 22,000. Together with the adjoining city of Konstanz just across the border in Germany, Kreuzlingen is part of the largest conurbation on Lake Constance with a population of almost 120,000.
History
The name of the municipality stems from the Augustinian monastery Crucelin, later Kreuzlingen Abbey. It was founded in 1125 by the Bishop of Constance Ulrich I. In the Swabian War and the 30 Years' War after the siege of Constance by Swedish troops, the Augustinian monastery was burned down by the people of Constance, who blamed the monks for having supported the enemy. In 1650, the monastery was rebuilt in its present location. With secularization in 1848, the buildings became a teachers' school. The chapel became a Catholic church.
The area was already settled during the Bronze Age. Celtic and Roman coins and artifacts testify of continued settlement. Kurzrickenbach is first mentioned as Rihinbah in 830, Egelshofen as Eigolteshoven in 1125, and Emmishofen as Eminshoven in 1159. The territory of the municipality, except for the Augustinian monastery, belonged to the Bishop of Constance. When the Eidgenossen conquered Thurgau in 1460 and further with the Reformation, the ties to the neighboring city loosened.
Until the beginning of the 19th century, the present center of Kreuzlingen was still largely agricultural. The first steamboats began to operate on Lake Constance in 1824. The first train line to Romanshorn was finished in 1871, and the second to Etzwilen in 1875. This brought commerce and industry to the region.
In 1874, the municipality of Egelshofen was renamed Kreuzlingen and became the capital of the district, instead of Gottlieben. It reached its present size with the incorporation of Kurzrickenbach in 1927 and Emmishofen in 1928. However, until World War I, Kreuzlingen was a kind of suburb of Constance. Most of its industry was in the hands of German firms. The war made Kreuzlingen more independent. In 1947 Kreuzlingen passed the mark of 10,000 residents, thus becoming according to Swiss statistical convention a town.
The Sanatorium of Bellevue (1857–1980), which occupied part of the old monastery, played an important role in the history of Kreuzlingen. In 1842, Ignaz Vanotti from Constance bought a large tract of land and built a residential and commercial building in 1843 to house the emigrant press of Bellevue, which had previously been located in Römerburg. In 1857, Ludwig Binswanger, a psychiatrist from Münsterlingen acquired the property and opened a private sanatorium. The clinic was very modern and remained in the control of the Binswanger family for nearly 120 years. Important psychiatric advances, particularly under the founder's grandson, also called Ludwig Binswanger, especially in the development of existential psychotherapy, were made at the sanatorium. However, few of its buildings remain.
Geography
Kreuzlingen has an area, , of . Of this area, or 27.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 28.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 42.4% is settled (buildings or roads), or 1.0% is either rivers or lakes and or 1.1% is unproductive land.Swiss Federal Statistical Office-Land Use Statistics 2009 data accessed 25 March 2010
Of the built-up area, industrial buildings made up 22.3% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 5.7% and transportation infrastructure made up 0.7%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 5.3% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 8.4%. Out of the forested land, 26.8% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.4% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 25.1% is used for growing crops, while 2.2% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is in lakes. Of the unproductive areas, 1.1% is unproductive vegetation and .
The municipality is located in the Kreuzlingen district on the border with the German city of Konstanz. It is located on Lake Constance where it narrows to form the Untersee, bordering with Konstanz in Germany. It is halfway between Schaffhausen and Rorschach on a slightly southward-dipping west–east axis. It consists of the former villages of Bernrain, Egelshofen, Emmishofen and Kurzrickenbach.
Demographics
Kreuzlingen has a population () of . , 48.1% of the population are foreign nationals.Swiss Federal Statistical Office - Superweb database - Gemeinde Statistics 1981-2008 accessed 19 June 2010 Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 2.2%. Most of the population () speaks German (79.7%), with Italian being second most common (5.2%) and Albanian being third (3.8%).Swiss Federal Statistical Office accessed 26-September-2010
, the gender distribution of the population was 49.2% male and 50.8% female. The population was made up of 4,409 Swiss men (23.8% of the population), and 4,715 (25.5%) non-Swiss men. There were 5,208 Swiss women (28.1%), and 4,194 (22.6%) non-Swiss women.
In , there were 73 live births to Swiss citizens and 95 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 137 deaths of Swiss citizens and 29 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 64 while the foreign population increased by 66. There was 1 Swiss man, 2 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland to another country, 299 non-Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland to another country and 263 non-Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland to another country. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources) was a decrease of 168 and the non-Swiss population change was an increase of 442 people. This represents a population growth rate of 1.5%.
The age distribution, , in Kreuzlingen is; 1,651 children or 8.7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 1,908 teenagers or 10.1% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 2,753 people or 14.5% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 2,588 people or 13.7% are between 30 and 39, 3,201 people or 16.9% are between 40 and 49, and 2,536 people or 13.4% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 2,076 people or 11.0% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 1,393 people or 7.4% are between 70 and 79, there are 712 people or 3.8% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 115 people or 0.6% who are 90 and older.Statistical Office of Thurgau , MS Excel document – Altersstruktur der Wohnbevölkerung nach zivilrechtlichem Wohnsitzbegriff am 31.12.2009 accessed 23 June 2010
, there were 7,643 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.1 persons per household. , there were 1,233 single-family homes (or 58.4% of the total) out of a total of 2,111 inhabited buildings. There were 196 two-family buildings (9.3%), 148 three-family buildings (7.0%) and 534 multi-family buildings (or 25.3%).Statistical Office of Thurgau , MS Excel document - Wohngebäude nach Anzahl Wohneinheiten und Gemeinden, Jahr 2000 accessed 24 June 2010 There were 4,031 (or 23.5%) persons who were part of a couple without children, and 7,659 (or 44.7%) who were part of a couple with children. There were 1,037 (or 6.1%) people who lived in a single-parent home, while there are 77 persons who were adult children living with one or both parents, 59 persons who lived in a household made up of relatives, 311 who lived in a household made up of unrelated persons, and 860 who are either institutionalized or live in another type of collective housing.Statistical Office of Thurgau , MS Excel document – Wohnbevölkerung nach Haushaltstyp und Gemeinde, Jahr 2000 accessed 23 June 2010 The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 1.06%.
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 35.92% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (17.41%), the CVP (16.13%) and the Green Party (12.99%). In the federal election, a total of 3,633 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 42.9%.Swiss Federal Statistical Office, Nationalratswahlen 2007: Stärke der Parteien und Wahlbeteiligung, nach Gemeinden/Bezirk/Canton accessed 28 May 2010
The historical population is given in the following table: year population 1831 661 1870 1,471 1880 2,426 1920 5,740 1930 8,615 1950 10,045 Population of Egelshofen
Heritage sites of national significance The Former Augustinian Chorherrenstift of St Ulrich, the former granary and wine press at Seeburgscheune and Seeburg Castle are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The Untersee region is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.
Economy Earlier, the majority of the inhabitants made a living in the wine industry. However, because of diseases and bad harvests, the last wine grapes were raised in Kreuzlingen in 1938. The local economy is largely commercial and manufacturing, with the largest employer being a clothing manufacturer.
, Kreuzlingen had an unemployment rate of 3.54%. , there were 92 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 20 businesses involved in this sector. 2,799 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 183 businesses in this sector. 6,042 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 821 businesses in this sector. , there were 11,275 workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 3,510 or about 31.1% of the residents worked outside Kreuzlingen while 4,725 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 12,490 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality. accessed 24 June 2010
In the late 2010s, Kreuzlingen's downtown began to experience a dearth of shoppers as many of them, including buses from elsewhere in Switzerland that pass through the city, started crossing the border to shop in Konstanz instead, due to lower prices for basic items in Germany, a favorable exchange rate between the euro and the franc and a German VAT refund that allows shoppers from non-European Union countries such as Switzerland to get back as much as a fifth of the price of the goods they buy. Elected officials from the city have asked the national government to negotiate a change in this policy with their German counterparts as they feel it is anti-competitive; at the same time some Konstanz residents, feeling displaced in their own hometown by the onslaught of Swiss on weekends, have opened businesses in Kreuzlingen that primarily cater to other Germans.
Kreuzlingen is the seat of General Dynamics European Land Systems- Mowag (GDELS), a defense technology company, formerly called MOWAG in the Unterseestrasse 65. In 2012, it had employed 900 highly skilled personnel at the facility and announced to cut 270 jobs.
Religion