Energy in Europe encompasses the production, supply, consumption and trade of energy across the continent. European countries have diverse energy systems, reflecting differences in natural resources, infrastructure and national policies. Energy sources include oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear power, hydropower, wind power, solar power and bioenergy. Many European countries depend heavily on imported energy. In the European Union (EU), imports supplied 57% of available energy in 2024. Oil and petroleum products accounted for 38% of the EU energy mix, followed by natural gas at 21%, renewable energy at 20%, nuclear energy at 12% and solid fossil fuels at 10%.

Europe's energy system is changing as renewable energy expands, energy efficiency improves and more uses of energy are electrified. In the EU, renewables accounted for 26.2% of gross final energy consumption in 2025 and 47.3% of electricity generation. Energy security has also become a major focus since the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Under the REPowerEU plan, launched in 2022, the EU has sought to diversify energy supplies, reduce energy demand, accelerate renewable deployment and reduce its dependence on Russian energy. Russia's share of EU natural-gas imports fell from 45% in 2021 to 12% in 2025.

Primary energy consumption by country

+ Total energy supply by country (TWh) Country 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Austria 315.8 327.4 307.7 306.4 309.9 304.7 Azerbaijan 182.9 195.2 207.5 214.4 202.4 198.0 Belarus 285.4 314.7 304.9 308.9 319.1 314.5 Belgium 651.2 734.5 685.5 629.8 627.2 611.7 Bulgaria 194.2 217.6 225.8 192.5 189.5 193.4 Czechia 448.8 473.2 463.2 424.5 409.2 420.9 Denmark 146.2 160.0 157.4 148.6 152.8 143.4 Finland 285.9 295.7 291.2 301.3 298.0 296.8 France 2,436 2,613 2,296 2,382 2,501 2,507 Germany 3,207 3,343 3,143 2,816 2,795 2,790 Greece 249.2 267.5 279.0 265.8 283.7 285.2 Hungary 272.8 284.4 266.2 251.3 252.1 253.6 Ireland 155.8 162.3 166.8 158.7 159.8 158.2 Italy 1,537 1,658 1,645 1,543 1,548 1,537 Kazakhstan 716.5 801.9 797.9 823.1 857.9 910.4 Lithuania 67.0 66.9 61.2 62.6 65.7 62.8 Netherlands 950.8 968.0 888.8 860.0 875.4 879.0 Norway 313.8 317.7 305.1 311.0 305.2 312.8 Poland 1,106 1,187 1,139 1,071 1,059 1,090 Portugal 223.8 222.9 225.9 218.4 214.5 218.1 Romania 336.5 354.6 329.3 321.0 322.4 316.8 Slovakia 180.3 195.1 181.1 185.5 178.2 179.9 Spain 1,277 1,368 1,435 1,378 1,413 1,444 Sweden 462.3 495.1 481.1 461.4 468.7 459.6 Switzerland 254.6 234.6 254.3 261.8 267.3 243.9 Turkey 1,711 1,867 1,860 1,851 1,946 2,033 Turkmenistan 414.4 429.4 456.2 430.0 384.4 427.8 Ukraine 948.7 976.2 656.1 627.9 631.8 661.9 United Kingdom 1,848 1,874 1,865 1,781 1,771 1,748 Uzbekistan 530.0 581.0 562.1 576.9 574.0 591.0 Source: Energy Institute

Primary energy consumption per capita

+ Country Year Total energy supply (TWh) Population (million) MWh/person Germany 2025 2,790 84.08 33.2 France 2025 2,507 66.65 37.6 Turkey 2025 2,033 87.67 23.2 United Kingdom 2025 1,748 69.56 25.1 Italy 2025 1,537 59.14 26.0 Spain 2025 1,444 47.90 30.1 Poland 2025 1,090 38.15 28.6 Kazakhstan 2025 910 20.84 43.7 Netherlands 2025 879 18.35 47.9 Ukraine 2025 662 38.98 17.0 Belgium 2025 612 11.76 52.0 Sweden 2025 460 10.66 43.1 Czechia 2025 421 10.61 39.7 Romania 2025 317 18.91 16.8 Belarus 2025 315 9.00 35.0 Norway 2025 313 5.62 55.6 Austria 2025 305 9.11 33.4 Finland 2025 297 5.62 52.8 Greece 2025 285 9.94 28.7 Switzerland 2025 244 8.97 27.2 Portugal 2025 218 10.41 20.9 Azerbaijan 2025 198 10.40 19.0 Bulgaria 2025 193 6.71 28.8 Ireland 2025 158 5.31 29.8 Denmark 2025 143 6.00 23.9 Croatia 2025 90.6 3.85 23.5 Iceland 2025 82.4 0.40 206.9 Estonia 2025 50.0 1.34 37.2 Armenia 2024 49.8 2.97 16.7 Malta 2024 36.3 0.54 67.3 Moldova 2024 36.0 3.03 11.8 Luxembourg 2025 34.1 0.68 50.1 Cyprus 2025 32.5 1.37 23.7 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh primary energy, includes energy losses

Oil

Oil is one of the largest primary energy sources in Europe. It is mostly used for transportation and heating. Oil production is relatively low in Europe, with significant production only in the North Sea. Most of Europe's oil comes from imports (about 90% for the EU28).

Fossil gas Fossil gas tends to be supplied from north and south Europe.

Electricity

Renewable energy

The twelve newer EU Member States in Central and Eastern Europe planned to increase wind power capacity from the 6.4 gigawatts installed at the end of 2012 to 16 gigawatts by 2020.Wind power for 9 million households in Eastern Europe by 2020Eastern winds, Emerging European wind power markets

If renewable electricity production in the EU continued to grow at the same rate as it did from 2005 to 2010, it would account for 36.4% of electricity in 2020 and 51.6% in 2030, following:EU met its 2010 Renewable electricity target – ambitious 2030 target needed EWEA 12 January 2012

Renewable energy as a percentage of total electricity 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2020 2030 13.6 14.2 15 16.4 18.2 21 36 52

In March 2022, the European Commission released its comprehensive "REPowerEU" plan to promote renewable energy in Europe. Three annexes also available. Three annexes also available.

Generation and consumption

+2021 Electricity in Europe – Generation and Consumption (GWh)Country Generation Consumption Imports Exports Distribution lossesTotal Nuclear Fossil fuels Renewable Hydro-electricpumped storageTotal Hydro-electricity Geo-thermal Tide and wave Solar Wind Biomassand wasteEuropean Union 2,753,320 696,341 1,002,188 1,064,830 343,436 6,177 503 163,321 383,203 168,191 -10,039 2,585,288 399,051 391,828 175,256Austria 64,227 0 13,752 52,135 38,751 0 0 2,722 6,460 4,202 -1,660 68,534 26,436 18,893 3,236Belgium 94,864 47,892 24,521 22,749 393 0 0 5,568 11,692 5,096 -298 83,413 15,194 23,070 3,574Bulgaria 41,529 16,487 16,935 8,327 4,819 0 0 1,497 1,421 590 -220 30,321 1,857 10,635 2Croatia 14,603 0 4,243 10,421 7,128 75 0 149 2,058 1,012 -60 15,932 11 7,545 2Cyprus 4,878 0 4,100 777 0 0 0 477 244 57 0 4,659 0 0 0Czechia 76,641 29,042 37,831 10,130 2,409 0 0 2,184 594 4,943 -362 61,915 15,153 26,228 3,651Denmark 32,793 0 7,169 25,624 16 0 0 1,278 16,034 8,295 0 38,183 19,445 12,979 1,076Estonia 6,653 0 3,498 3,155 25 0 0 305 741 2,084 0 8,842 7,333 4,704 440Finland 69,653 22,630 9,534 37,489 15,766 0 0 305 8,186 13,232 0 83,725 23,999 6,713 3,215France 530,418 360,704 48,048 123,210 58,857 133 484 15,095 36,908 11,733 -1,543 447,447 24,532 69,369 38,134Germany 557,144 65,441 260,790 233,000 19,252 249 0 49,992 113,624 49,883 -2,087 511,660 51,336 70,237 26,582Greece 52,474 0 30,839 21,660 5,909 0 0 5,106 10,471 174 -25 52,140 7,583 3,898 4,020Hungary 34,191 15,110 12,093 6,988 202 12 0 3,896 645 2,233 0 43,914 19,967 7,213 3,031Ireland 33,596 0 22,346 11,472 750 0 0 79 9,712 930 -222 32,645 2,309 863 2,397Italy 274,179 0 159,842 115,192 44,739 5,530 0 25,039 20,687 19,198 -856 299,922 46,564 3,770 17,051Latvia 5,538 0 1,958 3,581 2,689 0 0 7 137 748 0 6,917 4,667 2,895 394Lithuania 3,704 0 1,341 2,624 384 0 0 191 1,354 695 -261 11,822 12,479 3,435 926Luxembourg 921 0 261 1,044 107 0 0 223 335 379 -384 6,496 6,758 1,037 147Malta 2,112 0 1,848 264 0 0 0 256 1 7 0 2,495 547 36 0Netherlands 117,440 3,618 74,901 38,921 84 0 0 12,655 18,004 8,177 0 113,278 20,885 20,632 4,414Poland 166,557 0 136,021 30,898 2,339 0 0 3,831 16,181 8,547 -363 158,194 15,100 14,212 9,250Portugal 47,469 0 16,745 31,146 11,846 178 0 2,192 13,055 3,874 -422 47,743 9,545 4,792 4,480Romania 55,019 10,377 18,547 26,195 17,377 0 0 1,703 6,508 608 -100 50,527 8,697 6,499 7Slovakia 27,194 14,590 6,010 6,702 4,170 0 0 672 6 1,854 -108 26,103 13,886 13,098 1,879Slovenia 14,852 5,419 4,114 5,419 4,712 0 0 453 6 248 -100 13,727 8,387 8,658 854Spain 259,404 54,040 83,365 122,944 29,626 0 19 25,938 60,833 6,528 -946 233,977 17,388 16,506 26,309Sweden 165,267 50,992 1,534 112,762 71,086 0 0 1,507 27,306 12,863 -21 130,756 8,341 33,910 8,942

See also Energy efficiency in Europe (study) European countries by fossil fuel use (% of total energy) European countries by electricity consumption per person

References