Lieutenant-General Sir John Peter Barry Condliffe Watts, (27 August 1930 – 10 December 2003) was a British Army officer who served as both Commanding Officer and Director of the SAS and became Chief of Defence Staff for the Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces.

He received the MC in 1959 for the assault on the Jebel Akhdar, and was appointed an OBE in 1972 for service during the Dhofar Counterinsurgency, and a CBE in 1979 for his role in combating international terrorism.

Early life Watts was brought up on the North-west frontier in India where he studied mountain warfare. One of his first jobs was as a bodyguard in South America. He was a short, stocky, swarthy man who cared nothing for his appearance, often with a home-rolled cigarette at the corner of his mouth.

Watts was educated at Westminster School, Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.

Military career

Before Jebel Akhdar

Watts was commissioned into the Royal Ulster Rifles (RUR) in February 1951, while the 1st battalion were fighting in Korea. After weapons training in the UK, Watts joined up with the battalion when it withdrew to Hong Kong in October 1951. More than 60 members of the battalion had died in Korea, with more than 30 still missing in action.

Suez After two years in Hong Kong, he volunteered for a tour with the Parachute Regiment and joined the 3rd Battalion (3 Para) in Suez early in 1954, a year of political turmoil in Egypt as Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser flexed his political muscles and began negotiations that led to the British withdrawal from Suez two years later. 3 Para was an elite unit within the 70,000 strong British garrison in the Canal Zone and would have served as a rapid deployment reserve in case of unrest.

Malaya Towards the end of 1954 during the Malayan Emergency, the SAS sought to raise a new squadron from the Parachute Regiment, in part to replace a Rhodesian squadron that had finished its tour. The SAS at the time had a questionable reputation for lax discipline and its commanders did not find it easy to recruit from other regiments. Although the new squadron appeared to have come as a surprise to the Parachute Regiment, it was largely oversubscribed. Watts was selected and appointed a troop commander in the Independent Squadron, Parachute Regiment (22 SAS) in February 1955.

The role of the SAS was to operate in deep jungle areas not already covered by other security forces, to conduct covert reconnaissance of guerrilla forces, their camps and sources of supply. Watts spent most of 1955 patrolling the Iskander swamps of southern Malaya and then the southern Selanger swamps of Tasek Bera. Most of the second year of the deployment was spent in the mountain area between Ipoh and the Cameron Highlands in the north. The emphasis was on reconnaissance and intelligence; no more than a handful of kills were recorded by the squadron during its posting.

With Malaya due to be granted its independence in August 1957, and most rebels captured, killed or persuaded to surrender, the Parachute squadron was disbanded in April 1957. Troops were returned to the UK and re-posted to their parent units. Watts's 1 RUR were deployed at the time in the Cyprus Emergency.

The remaining SAS squadrons in Malaya were also being wound down by 1957. B Squadron was in the process of being disbanded and its men absorbed by the under-strength A and D Squadrons. Despite this, Watts returned to Malaya, joining D Squadron, which he was commanding when the new 22 SAS Commanding Officer, Anthony Deane-Drummond, arrived in November 1957. Watts was now operating near the Malaya-Thai border in pursuit of Chin Peng, the leader of the Communist terrorists. Chin Peng had been trained by the British in WW2 and appointed an OBE for helping to fight the Japanese. Watts even experimented with using elephants to carry his squadron's supplies through the dense jungle. He was mentioned in despatches at the end of his tour.

Jebel Akhdar

In October 1958, a message arrived for Deane-Drummond enquiring if the SAS could help fight rebels on a mountain called Jebel Akhdar in Oman. Watts and D Squadron were immediately recalled to Kuala Lumpur, and, after two weeks of training, arrived in Oman on 19 November to carry out an offensive recce of the mountain. The Jebel Akhdar is an 18 by 12-mile plateau standing 6,500 feet above sea level ringed by mountains reaching more than 8,000 feet in places.

Watts had no more than 60 fighting-ready troops, against more than 600 well trained rebels. The Jebel Akhdar had only ever been successfully taken twice before in six attempts: first by an army of 25,000 sent by the Caliphs of Baghdad in AD 892; and then by the Persians in AD 1265, when only 5,000 of the 20,000-strong attacking force survived.

The squadron carried out aggressive patrols from both sides of the mountain from 26 November to 27 December, successfully engaging the enemy and suffering only one casualty, shot dead by a sniper. Watts was in daily contact by wire and weekly by letter with Deane-Drummond in Kuala Lumpur. On 29 December approval was given for a second squadron to be sent to Oman. Deane-Drummond arrived with A Squadron on 12 January, and on the full moon of 25 January A and D Squadrons stormed the mountain, with A Squadron launching a diversionary attack. Watts and 21 other men from D Squadron gained control of the plateau in the early hours of 26 January and the battle was won. The only casualties were three wounded in A Squadron, two of whom subsequently died, after a bullet hit a grenade in a rucksack. Despite a media blackout, Deane-Drummond was given permission to brief The Times, which reported: “As for the enemy, they were conquered by surprise, not slaughter; a brilliant example of economy in the use of force”.

Watts was awarded the Military Cross for the "successful conduct of the opposed advance".

From Jebel Akhdar to Dhofar After Jebel Akhdar, Watts rejoined the Royal Ulster Rifles. 1RUR had just returned from Cyprus (which had won independence at the end of the Cyprus Emergency) and was now starting a tour of duty in Germany within BAOR. He then began a period of intensive training, first at RMCS Shrivenam (The Royal Military College of Science), then in 1962 at the elite Staff College, Quetta, before being posted to HQ Berlin as GS02.

Borneo In early 1964, Watts was called back to 22 SAS to train a new squadron for Borneo. The SAS had been heavily committed to Borneo for some time. The Regiment had only two ‘sabre’ (fighting) squadrons, and both had been in Borneo in 1963 helping to protect the 900-mile Borneo border from small, ill-trained and poorly armed gangs of Indonesian insurgents during the Indonesian Confrontation. President Sukarno of Indonesia objected to the ‘neocolonialist’ British plan to amalgamate the Federation of Malaya, Singapore and British Borneo (North Borneo and Sarawak) into the new country of Malaysia – the south of Borneo was, and still is, part of Indonesia.

In September 1963 the British embassy in Jakarta was stormed by angry Sukarno-supporting crowds. The crowds were confronted by the bagpipe-playing British Military Attaché, Rory Muir Walker, who coincidentally had been awarded the MC as Watts's second in command at Jebel Akhdar. The embassy was badly damaged. In an atmosphere of rising tension, the Indonesian government sent regular and elite soldiers (some of whom had been trained by US Special Forces) to fight alongside the border gangs in Borneo, and then in late 1964 trebled the strength of its forces, ‘outnumbering several times’ the British troops stationed there. It was against this backdrop that a third SAS squadron was requested by General Walter Walker, the Director of Operations in Borneo.

The CO of 22 SAS, John Woodhouse, who was a veteran of Malaya and architect of the SAS selection process, ensured that Watts was chosen to train and lead the new (re-formed) B Squadron. Timing was tight: conventional wisdom was that it took no less than three years to fully train an SAS soldier; all of B Squadron's troopers were new recruits. During training in the UK, reports were received from Borneo of increasing Indonesian aggression and SAS actions in which men had been killed. D Squadron arrived home exhausted. Watts took his new recruits to Brunei for final jungle training in October 1964, then in November started operations as part of the highly classified Operation Claret.

Under Operation Claret, Watts took his squadron up to six miles into the jungle across the Indonesian border, three times further than had been allowed before, to conduct covert reconnaissance so that British infantry and Gurkha units (which reported to Watts) could make ‘psychological rapier thrusts’ against Indonesian forces. The idea was to detect and engage infiltrators before they left Indonesian territory. SAS troops provided medical and other forms of assistance to indigenous tribes along the border to build trust and a network of local ‘eyes and ears’. Secrecy was paramount, as the British Government did not want this to be seen as an act of war against Indonesia.

Watts and B Squadron successfully completed their first tour in February 1965, with no casualties. A refreshed D Squadron returned to carry on their cross-border work. The operations of the SAS in Borneo helped to stabilize the situation until Indonesia fell apart after the October 1965 coup and subsequent Indonesian genocide. General Walker, who had requested the extra SAS squadron, later commented that "one SAS squadron with helicopters was worth ten infantry battalions to me". Denis Healey, the British Minister of Defence at the time, stated that Borneo was "a textbook demonstration of how to apply economy of force, under political guidance for political ends”.

Yemen In 1965 Watts took B Squadron to Yemen during the Aden Emergency. It is not clear if this was principally for combat or for training, or if it was connected to the substantial number of British soldiers who were operating covertly in Yemen at the time as British-backed mercenaries. The previous year, A Squadron had lost two of its men while operating north of Aden in the Radfan mountains. They had been tasked with night reconnaissance in rebel territory to identify possible drop zones for the Parachute Regiment. The bodies of the two SAS men were decapitated and the heads displayed at a rebel stronghold inside Yemen.

An Intelligence Officer who had served as Staff Officer with HQ Middle East Land Forces in Aden between 1964 and 1966 described how his "friend Johnnie Watts" arrived in Radfan to find British forces operating east of the Dhala road (one of the old spice routes), targeting rebels. Watts ‘made his own intelligence’ and decided to take his squadron west of the road, where he identified and intercepted the rebels’ supply routes for Egyptian mines and heavy weaponry. His actions were successful in restricting rebel activity but were too small to have an impact on the outcome of the overall campaign. British withdrawal from Aden was announced by the British Government in February 1966 and completed in November 1967.

After Aden, Watts returned to 1RUR as a company commander for 18 months. 1RUR had just returned from Borneo to begin regular NATO duties in West Germany: training, field exercises, and maintaining infantry readiness in the Cold War theatre. He then attended the US Overseas Defence Course in Virginia.

Hong Kong

In 1967 he was sent to Hong Kong as brigade major of 48 Gurkha Infantry Brigade. 40 years later it was revealed that, against the back drop of the Cultural Revolution, a radical faction of the People's Liberation Army was poised to invade the British colony during the 1967 pro-communist riots. The invasion was called off only by a late-night order from Premier Zhou Enlai to the local army commander.