Manuel Gutiérrez Mellado, 1st Marquess of Gutiérrez Mellado (30 April 1912 – 15 December 1995) was a Spanish Army officer and politician who played a relevant role during the Spanish transition to democracy.
During his military career he served in relevant Army offices and began a political career in 1976, when the Prime Minister appointed him as First Deputy Prime Minister for Defence Affairs. From 1977 to 1979 he also served as Minister of Defence (the first since the Civil War).Puell, 1997
In 1994, the socialist government of Felipe González granted him the honorary rank of Captain General.
Gutiérrez Mellado's most popular image is that at the Spanish Congress of the Deputies during the failed 1981 Spanish coup d'état, where he physically confronted the armed Guardia Civil troops led by Lieutenant Colonel Antonio Tejero.
Education and military training The offspring of an ancient Madrilenian bourgeois family, his parents died when he was a little child. However, his uncle, Saturnino Calleja, a well-known publisher, paid for his education at the Royal College of San Anton in Madrid, which was an elite boarding school at the time.
His wish to become an artillery officer was shattered by the military reforms of the Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera in 1927, which forced him to study at the General Military Academy of Zaragoza, directed by General Francisco Franco, to obtain his qualifications.Puell, 1997, 32–48
Five months after the proclamation of the Spanish Second Republic he was promoted to second lieutenant and later finished his military education at the Academy of Artillery and Engineers of Segovia, where he graduated as first lieutenant in July 1933, having achieved top grades in his class.Puell, 1997, 49–75
Second Republic and Civil War His first appointment was the Horse Artillery Regiment, based at the so-called Canton of Campamento, an isolated group of barracks seven kilometers west of Madrid.Orden circular de 26 de julio de 1933: Diario Oficial del Ministerio de la Guerra, 173 In 1935 he joined Falange Española de las JONS,Serrano de Pablo, 1986, 32 an extreme right-wing political party, and on the dawn of July 20, 1936, he took arms with his unit in rebellion against the Frente Popular Government, being very active and combatant during their rebellion.
After ten hours of fighting, the coup was controlled by the republican militia. Gutiérrez Mellado escaped by walking to the nearby village of Villaviciosa de Odón, frequented by his family during their summer holidays, and later returned to Madrid in early August. Republican authorities indicted him for being involved in the July rebellion and he was jailed at his old school of San Anton, being fortunate enough not to have been included in the lethal lists that cost the lives of many other officers.Puell, 1997, 100–105
In February 1937, a jury declared him not guilty on the basis of his assertion, which was corroborated by two witnesses, that he was ill at Villaviciosa de Odón around the time of mid July and so was not able to take part in the coup d'état. However, simultaneous police inquires unveiled his active intervention in it, what induced him to take shelter at an embassy.
A few weeks later he joined Franco's clandestine intelligence services operating in Madrid, provided with an ID card belonging to a deceased republican soldier named Teodosio Paredes Laina.
In March 1938 he was promoted to captain. National Authorities had just organized the Information and Military Police Service (SIPM in its Spanish acronym) and he was appointed head of one of the three SIPM platoons assigned to the corps that besieged the capital. Gutiérrez Mellado provided his superiors with precious pieces of information related to republican plans, deployment and armament. He also was put in charge of the evacuation of more than a hundred pilots and engineer officers to the National Zone, specialties which were much needed by the Francoist forces.
Military career In 1941, after graduating from the General Staff School,Rosa, 2009 he was appointed to the Ministry of the Army intelligence services. During World War II, having been promoted to major, he became responsible for the classification and final destination of the thousands of people that crossed the Pyrenees escaping from Nazi terror.San Martín, 1983, 223
In 1945, Gutiérrez Mellado was assigned to the Information Section of the High General Staff and travelled to Belgium, France and Switzerland to acquire information about the attitudes and activities of republican exiles.Puell, 1997, 135-136
Furthermore, from 1953 to 1955, due to the pacts subscribed by Franco with the US government, he acted as liaison officer between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG), responsible for building the bases and facilities for the US Armed Forces on Spanish soil.Puell, 1997, 137
In 1956, close to his promotion to lieutenant colonel and forced by the meager pay offered to the military at the time, he decided to quit the Army temporarily. He then went to work as a commercial manager for seven years within various companies.San Martín, 1983, 223 Around this time, approximately two-thirds of the military officers based in Spain's largest cities were involved in the practice of moonlighting. However, only a few of them made the drastic decision to leave the Army, as Gutiérrez Mellado did, considering it unethical to hold two different jobs at the same time, to the detriment of his military commitment.Puell, 2005, 207
In 1963 he returned to active duty as an instructor of the University Militia, which was aimed to train reserve officers and sergeants.Puell, 2010 Two years later, in 1965, he was promoted to colonel and assigned to the Operations Section of the Army Central Staff. Due to his fluency in English and French he was sent as an observer to several NATO maneuvers, which alerted him to the poor operational capacities of the highly overstaffed, late Francoist Spanish Armed Forces.Puell, 1997, 151-152
In 1967 Gutiérrez Mellado was assigned to be Commander in Chief of the 13th Field Artillery Regiment, based at Getafe, just outside Madrid; on April 13, 1970, he was promoted to brigadier general.Real decreto 1019/1970: Boletín Oficial del Estado, 88 For little more than a year he served as a professor at the High Center for National Defense Studies (CESEDEN), then directed by lieutenant general Manuel Díez-Alegría.
When Díez-Alegría was appointed Commander in Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces, he took Gutiérrez Mellado with him.Puell, 1997, 156-158 General Gutiérrez Mellado's December 14, 1971, lecture at CESEDEN was the object of very favorable commentaries in military circles because of his speech's direct and accurate nature — something rather unusual at that time in Spain.
After being promoted to major general in 1973,Real decreto 392/1973: Boletín Oficial del Estado: 61 a second lecture at the same Center, dated March 15, 1974, drew much broader attention than the first, due to his open vindication of urgent and radical reforms on the Armed Forces structure and organization. These words attracted the attention of many future leaders of the transition towards democracy — Prince Juan Carlos de Bourbon among them.
On June 14, 1975, Franco appointed him as General Commander and Governmental Delegate in Ceuta,Reales decretos 1287/1975 y 11289/1975: Boletín Oficial del Estado, 142 posts that he shared with his previous commitment as head of the military delegation responsible for negotiating the January 1976 Spanish-American legislative treaty.Puell, 1997, 169–174
On April 13, 1976, King Juan Carlos I's first government promoted him to lieutenant general in command of VII Military Region.Real decreto 722/1976: Boletín Oficial del Estado, 89 His first public address to the troops upon arriving in Valladolid immediately became press headlines and was subject to laudatory editorials and opinions in many political reviews. At that time, the Spaniards heard of a high-ranking Army officer openly aligned with the Rule of Law and demanding absolute respect from his subordinates towards civil power: “We must never forget that the Army, no matter how sacred its mission may be, is not there to rule but to serve under the command of the national government, and that its exclusive purpose is to serve Spain and our King”.Gutiérrez Mellado, 29
In July 1976, Gutiérrez Mellado was appointed Commander in Chief of the Army General Staff following favorable remarks about his virtues made by King Juan Carlos to Adolfo Suárez, the recently nominated Prime Minister.Real decreto 1503/1976: Boletín Oficial del Estado, 157
Only three months later, on September 23, Gutiérrez Mellado was appointed vice president for Defense Affairs, a recently created office aimed at promoting the modernization of the Armed Forces.Real decreto 2217/1976: Boletín Oficial del Estado 229 There he replaced lieutenant general Fernando de Santiago, who had abruptly resigned to demonstrate his opposition to President Suárez's political reforms. Gutiérrez Mellado remained at that office until February 1981.
Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense Facts suggested that he had been planning carefully, when presented the proper opportunity, to quickly reform and transform Franco's sclerotic Armed Forces in depth. That allowed him, with less than a hundred days in office, to outline a complete reform project to be submitted to the Military Affairs Governmental Commission's first meeting on January 4, 1977, chaired by President Suárez.Puell, 1997, 205–206
His detailed reform project comprised a series of actions to be urgently taken on the following areas: defense superstructure; Armed Forces financial program; integrated personnel policy, and the limitation of the competence of military jurisdiction. The plan was wholly implemented before Gutiérrez Mellado left his office in 1981 and even successfully achieved other important issues, such as the creation of the Ministry of Defense on July 4, 1977.
Also on that date, he was also called to take charge of the new department and he remained in office until September 23, 1979, when the Democratic Center Union (UCD) executive, Agustín Rodríguez Sahagún, took over, thus becoming the first civilian to chair a military department since 1939. Gutiérrez Mellado remained as vice-president of the Government to coordinate Security and National Defense AffairsReal decreto 709/1979: Boletín Oficial del Estado, 83 until President Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo's investiture in February 1981.Real decreto 257/1981: Boletín Oficial del Estado, 50
In addition to the creation and organization of the Ministry of Defense and the consequent suppression of the Ministries of the Army, Navy and Air Force, special consideration should be given to the following measures:Puell, 2012
— instauration of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JUJEM);
— operative command attribution over their respective branches to the Army, Navy and Air Force Chiefs of Staff;
— legislative approval of 1980 Law of Defense and Military Organization Basic Criteria;
— banning of military intervention in politics;
— reform of the General Ordinance dictated by Charles III in 1768;
— Armed Forces Social Institute (ISFAS) implementation;
— instauration of the annual Armed Forces Day to substitute the military parade commemorating Franco's victory in the Spanish Civil War;
— officer promotion system regulation, and
— homologation of military salaries to those of public employees of a similar level (which most certainly abolished moonlighting).