Hungary, the name in English for the European country, is an exonym derived from the Medieval Latin . The Latin name itself derives from the ethnonym On-Ogur ("Ten Arrows" or "Ten Tribes" in Oghuric) for the Hungarian tribal federation that conquered the land in the 9th and 10th centuries. Medieval authors called the country and later Hungaria, with the “H” added as Hungarians were thought to be descendants of the Huns. The Hungarians call themselves s and their country (ország means country in Hungarian). They also refer to their country as Hungária, though far less commonly.
Name of the Hungarians and Hungary
Endonym of the ethnic group and country
Primary sources use several names for the Magyars/Hungarians. However, their original historical endonym—the name they used to refer to themselves in the Early Middle Ages—is uncertain. In sources written in Arabic, the Magyars are denominated or , for example by Ahmad ibn Rustah; or , such as by al-Mas’udi; by al-Tartushi, for instance; and , by sources like ibn Hayyan. One of the earliest written mentions of "Magyar" endonym is from 810.
The Hungarian endonym is , which is derived from Old Hungarian . The name is derived from of the 9th or 10th century (contemporarily ), one of the 7 major semi-nomadic Hungarian tribes (the others being the , , , , , and ), which dominated the others after the ascension of one of its members, namely , and his subsequent dynasty. The tribal name became in reference to the Hungarian people as a whole.György Balázs, Károly Szelényi, The Magyars: the birth of a European nation, Corvina, 1989, p. 8Alan W. Ertl, Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration, Universal-Publishers, 2008, p. 358Z. J. Kosztolnyik, Hungary under the early Árpáds: 890s to 1063, Eastern European Monographs, 2002, p. 3 There are many hypotheses on the origin of this name. The first element is connected to the ethnonym of the Mansi (, , and ), but no Proto-Ugric form can be reconstructed due to irregular vowel correspondences. The second element ("man", "men", and "lineage") is also of unclear origin; it was formerly considered to be cognate with Mari ("son") and Finnish archaic ("young man"), but this proposal has been rejected in more recent research.Sergei Starostin, Uralic etymology
European exonyms for Hungarians and Hungary
In early medieval sources, in addition to the Hungarians, the exonym or referred to the Mansi and Khantys also.The Linguist: Journal of the Institute of Linguists, Volumes 36–37, The Institute, 1997, p. 116 It may refer to the Hungarians during a time when they dwelt east of the Ural Mountains along the natural borders of Europe and Asia before the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin in 895–6.OED, s. v. "Ugrian": "Ugri, the name given by early Russian writers to an Asiatic race dwelling east of the Ural Mountains". The toponym or referred to that territory from around the 12th century. Herodotus in the 5th century BC probably referred to ancestors of the Hungarians when he wrote of the Yugra people living west of the Ural Mountains.Iván Boldizsár, The New Hungarian Quarterly, Issues 121–123, Lapkiadó Publishing House, 1991, p. 90
In Byzantine sources, the Magyars are called ; , by Emperor Leo VI "the Wise", for example; and , such as by Emperor Constantine VII . Written sources called Magyars "Ungarians" prior to the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin in 895–6 when they lived on the steppes of Eastern Europe, specifically: by Georgius Monachus in 837, in of 862, and in of 881.
The ethnonym is the Latinized form of Byzantine Greek (). According to an explanation, the Greek name was borrowed from Old Bulgar ągrinŭ, which in turn comes from Oghuric On-Ogur (meaning "ten [tribes of the] Ogurs"), the collective name for the tribes which later joined the Bulgar tribal confederacy that ruled the eastern parts of Hungary after the Avars. The Hungarians probably belonged to the Onogur tribal alliance and it is very possible that they became its ethnic majority.
The Latin variant used for them by Widukind of Corvey in his The Deeds of the Saxons of the 10th century is most probably patterned after Middle High German . The Italians called the Hungarians as Ungherese, the country as Ungheria. When referencing the Magyars, the oldest Medieval Latin sources usually use , , late high medieval sources started to use a "H" prefix before the ethnonym: , , but some of the later high medieval sources call them or . The "H" prefix before the ethnonym and country name appeared in official Latin language Hungarian documents, royal seals and coins since the reign of king Béla III (r. 1172–1196). The German and Italian languages preserved the original form (without H prefix) of the ethnonym. The addition of the unetymological prefix "H-" in High Medieval-era Latin is most probably due to the politically motivated historical associations of the Hungarians with the Huns who settled Hungary prior to the Avars, Slavs and the Hungarians themselves.
The origin of the English ethnonym and country name
The English word "Hungary" is derived from Medieval Latin Hungaria.Oxford DictionariesOnline Etymology Dictionary
Hungarian sources
According to one view, following Anonymus's description, the Hungarian federation in the 9th century was called ("Seven Magyars"): ("seven princely persons who are called Seven Magyars"Gyula Decsy, A. J. Bodrogligeti, Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, Volume 63, Otto Harrassowitz, 1991, p. 99), though the Chronicler refers to "seven leading persons"Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (Edited, Translated and Annotated by Martyn Rady and László Veszprémy) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); Anonymus and Master Roger; CEU Press; . Chapter 1, page 11. instead of a polity.
Other sources In Byzantine sources in Medieval Greek, the nation was denominated the "Western ".Peter B. Golden, Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs, Ashgate/Variorum, 2003. "Tenth-century Byzantine sources, speaking in cultural more than ethnic terms, acknowledged a wide zone of diffusion by referring to the Khazar lands as 'Eastern Tourkia' and Hungary as 'Western Tourkia.'" Carter Vaughn Findley, The Turks in the World History , Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 51, citing Peter B. Golden, 'Imperial Ideology and the Sources of Political Unity Amongst the Pre-Činggisid Nomads of Western Eurasia,' Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 2 (1982), 37–76.Carter V. Findley, The Turks in world history, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 51 Hasdai ibn Shaprut denominated the polity "the land of the Hungrin" ("the land of the Hungarians") in a letter to Joseph of the Khazars of c. 960.Raphael Patai, The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology, Wayne State University Press, 1996, p. 29,
The Latin phrase ("Hungarian Nation") was a medieval and early modern era geographic, institutional and juridico-political category in Kingdom of Hungary without any ethnic connotation. The medieval "Natio Hungarica" consisted only the members of the Hungarian Parliament, which was composed of the nobility, Roman Catholic prelates, and the elected parliamentary envoys of the Royal free cities, which represented the city burghers. The other important - and more numerous - component of Natio Hungarica was the noble members of the county assemblies in the county seats, Kingdom of Hungary had 72 counties, (regardless of the real ethnicity and mother tongue of the noblemen, clergymen and city bourgeoisie of the kingdom). Those who had no direct participation in the political life on national [parliamentary] or local [counties] level (like the common people of the cities, towns, or the peasantry of the villages) were not considered part of the Natio Hungarica. This old medieval origin convention was also adopted officially in the Treaty of Szatmár of 1711 and the Pragmatic Sanction of 1723; remained until 1848, when the privileges of the Hungarian nobility were abolished; and thereafter acquired a sense of ethnic nationalism.John M. Merriman, J. M. Winter, Europe 1789 to 1914: encyclopedia of the age of industry and empire, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2006, p. 140, Tadayuki Hayashi, Hiroshi Fukuda, Regions in Central and Eastern Europe: past and present, Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University, 2007, p. 158, Katerina Zacharia, Hellenisms: culture, identity, and ethnicity from antiquity to modernity, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2008, p. 237
is a toponym derived from the name of the (), a group of tribes that inhabited the Drava River Basin in the 2nd century BC. They were presumably Illyrian tribes that had been Celticized in the 3rd century BC. Julius Pokorny suggested an Illyrian etymology for this name, derived from a PIE root *pen- ("swamp" or "marsh"; cognate with English "fen"). The territory of the in the Drava River Basin later formed the geographical center of the Province of "Pannonia" of the ancient Roman Empire.
Later, the territory of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary included that of former , and Medieval Latin transferred the denomination of to the territory of the Western parts of the Kingdom of Hungary. Further, the King of Hungary was given the title of ("King of Pannonia") and ("King of the Pannonians").
The name "Pannonian" comes from Pannonia, a province of the Roman Empire. Only the western part of the territory (the so-called Transdanubia) of modern Hungary formed part of the ancient Roman Province of Pannonia; this comprises less than 29% of modern Hungary, therefore Hungarian geographers avoid the terms "Pannonian Basin" and "Pannonian Plain".
Modern era The Latin or ( meaning "kingdom"); (meaning "Kingdom of [St.] Mary"); and simply were the forms used in official documents in Latin from the beginning of the Kingdom of Hungary to the 1840s. Official documents in Hungarian used , which also had preponderant use in the correspondence and official documents of Protestant Transylvanian Princes during the time for which they controlled not only the Partium but Upper Hungary, and at times even to (, contemporarily ). German Princes used the German or simply , including in diplomas in German or in both German and Latin for established German-speaking Hungarian residents of various municipalities, including Transylvanian Saxons, Zipsers, and Hiänzs, in the 14th century. was also used from 1849 to the 1860s. The Hungarian was used in the 1840s and again from the 1860s to 1918.
The name of the Kingdom in other languages of its inhabitants was: , , / Краљевина Угарска, , , and .
The Italian ("Kingdom of Hungary") alone denominated the Free State of Fiume for its existence from 1920 to 1924, the City of Fiume (contemporarily Rijeka, Croatia, but still denominated Fiume in Hungarian) of which the Free State was predominantly comprised having been within the territory of the Kingdom from 1776 to 1920.
In and during the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867–1918), Transleithania sometimes unofficially denominated the regions of the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, but "Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of Saint Stephen" officially denominated the Hungarian territory of Austria-Hungary, it having had prior use.
Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen
"Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen" () officially denominated the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary when it constituted part of the territory of the later Austro-Hungarian Empire.Introduction to Constitution of Union between Hungary and Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia The Latin neologism ("Arch-Kingdom of Hungary") sometimes denominates these Hungarian territories qua part of Austria-Hungary, pursuant to Medieval Latin terminology.