Apali language

Apalɨ (Apal), or Emerum, is a Papuan language of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Akɨ and Acɨ are two dialects that are quite different from each other.

Phonology

Vowels + Apalɨ vowels Front Central Back Close Mid Open

Evolution

Below are some reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea proposed by Pawley (2012).

Sources abbreviations (W) = Wade (n.d.), Akɨ dialectWade, Martha. n.d. Dictionary of the Apalɨ language. Printout. Madang: Pioneer Bible Translators. (Z) = Z’graggen (1980), Acɨ dialectZ’graggen, John A. 1980. A comparative word list of the Southern Adelbert Range languages, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

proto-Trans-New Guinea Apalɨ *maŋgV ‘compact round object’ maŋgɨ ‘egg’ *mapVn ‘liver’ mapɨn *maŋgat[a] ‘teeth, mouth’ mɨka *mVkVm ‘jaw’ mukum *(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’ (Osum and Paynamar mira, Moresada merak) *kumV- ‘die’ kɨm- *k(o,u)ma(n,ŋ)[V] ‘neck, nape’ (sa)kum ‘nape’ *iman ‘louse’ iman *na- ‘eat’ n pMadang *na ‘ free pronoun’ nama (cf. also na- ‘ ’) pMadang *nu ‘ free pronoun’ numbu (cf. also nu- ‘ ’) *nVŋg- ‘know, hear, see’ iŋg- (some other S Adelbert languages have niŋg-) *kambena ‘arm’ human *kin(i,u)- ‘sleep’ (?) hɨni- ‘be, stay, exist’ *[w]ani ‘who?’ ani *(s,nd)umu(n,t)[V] ‘hair’ (?) mɨnɨ *mapVn ‘liver’ maßɨn *iman ‘louse’ iman *takVn[V] ‘moon’ (Acɨ dial.) takun (Z), (Akɨ dial.) lakun (W) *sa(ŋg,k)asiŋ ‘sand’ kasɨŋ (Z) *mb(i,u)t(i,u)C ‘fingernail’ tɨpi (metath.) (Z) *imbi ‘name’ imbi (W) *[ka]tumba(C) ‘short’ tɨmbɨ (W) *si(mb,p)at[V] ‘saliva’ sɨmbu ‘spit’ *simbil[VC] ‘navel’ (Akɨ) simbilɨm, (Acɨ) cimbilɨm ‘placenta, navel, umbilical cord’ (W) *si(m,mb)(i,u) + modifier ‘buttocks’ susum ‘lower buttocks’ *kambena ‘arm, forearm’ human (W) *mapVn ‘liver’ maβɨn (W) *apa ‘father’ iaβaŋ (W) *apus[i]‘grandparent’ aβe ‘grandmother’ *apa(pa)ta ‘butterfly’ (?) afafaŋ (Z) *ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ hinji (W) *kindil ‘root’ hɨnjɨlɨ (W) *[ka]tumba(C) ‘short’ tɨmbɨ (W, Z) *takVn[V] ‘moon’ (Acɨ dial.) takun (Z) *takVn[V] ‘moon’ lakun (W) *kumut, *tumuk ‘thunder’ lɨmbɨ(lami) ‘to thunder’ *mb(i,u)t(i,u)C ‘fingernail’ tɨpi (metath.) (Z) *kit(i,u) ‘leg’ gɨtɨ (Z) *kutV(mb,p)(a,u)[C] ‘long’ (Akɨ) hutaŋ (W), (Acɨ) kutes (Z) *si(mb,p)at[V] ‘saliva’ sɨmbu ‘spit’ *maŋgat[a] ‘teeth, mouth’ mɨka (W) *si(mb,p)at[V] ‘saliva’ sɨmbu ‘spit’ *simb(i,u) ‘guts’ su ‘faeces’ *simbil[VC] ‘navel’ (Akɨ) simbilɨm, (Acɨ) cimbilɨm (both W) *si(m,mb)(i,u) + modifier ‘buttocks’ susum (W) *sa(ŋg,k)asiŋ ‘sand’ kasɨŋ (Z) *maŋgV ‘compact round object’ maŋgɨ ‘egg’ *nVŋg- ‘know, hear, see’ i ŋg- ‘see’ *maŋgat[a] ‘teeth, mouth’ mɨka (W) *kumV- ‘die’ kɨm- ‘die’ *k(o,u)ma(n,ŋ)[V] ‘neck, nape’ (sa)kum ‘nape’ *kambena ‘arm’ human (W) *kindil ‘root’ hɨnjɨlɨ (W) (cf. gɨndrɨ ‘root’ *ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ hɨnji (W) *kin(i,u)- ‘sleep, lie down’ hɨni- ‘be, stay, exist’ *kutV(mb,p)(a,u)[C] ‘long’ hutaŋ (W) *kumV- ‘die’ hɨmi- (W) *kit(i,u) ‘leg’ gɨtɨ (Z) *mVkVm ‘cheek’ (Acɨ) mukum (W), Akɨ mɨhum (W) *takVn[V] ‘moon’ lakun (W) *ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ hɨnji (W) *tumuk ‘to thunder’ (?) lɨmbɨ(lami) (W) *kindil ‘root’ hɨndɨlɨ (W) (Z. gives gundru)

References