Javanese numerals (; ) are a set of numerals traditionally used in the Javanese language, although Arabic numerals are also used. Javanese numerals follow the Hindu–Arabic numeral system commonly used in the rest of the world.
Javanese is rich in numerical expressions. What is written here is the form in standard written Javanese. Spoken Javanese or dialects can take different forms.
Numerals Basic numerals The numerals 0–9 have independent and modifier forms. The modifiers are used to form powers of 10 or modify the sum of objects. In some cases, there is more than one word for a numeral reflecting the Javanese register system of (low-register) and (high-register), as well as words from a literary form of Javanese called and derived from Old Javanese. NumeralIndependentModifierJavaneseLatin꧐0, ----꧑1, , , , -꧒2, , , , , ꧓3, , , ; , , , ꧔4, , , , , ꧕5, , , , , ꧖6, -, , -꧗7, -, , -꧘8, -, , -꧙9, -, , -
Teen, tween, and thirty numerals Like English, Javanese has compound forms for the teens; however, it also has a series of compound 'tweens', 21–29. The teens are based on a root wĕlas and the tweens on likur.
Especially for numerals between 30 and 40, there are two formats: proper form and shortened form (wancahan). NumeralTeenNumeralTweenNumeralThirtyNgokoKramaNgokoKramaProperShortened11sawĕlas -21salikur -31tĕlung puluh sijibeh-ji12ro wĕlaskalih wĕlas22ro likurkalih likur32tĕlung puluh (lo)robeh-ro13tĕlu wĕlastiga wĕlas23tĕlu likurtiga likur33tĕlung puluh tĕlubeh-lu14pat wĕlassakawan wĕlas24pat likursakawan likur34tĕlung puluh (pa)patbeh-pat15lima wĕlasgangsal wĕlas25salawe salangkung35salapanbeh-ma16ĕnĕm wĕlas -26ĕnĕm likur -36tĕlung puluh ĕnĕmbeh-nĕm17pitu wĕlas -27pitu likur -37tĕlung puluh pitubeh-tu18wolu wĕlas -28wolu likur -38tĕlung puluh wolubeh-wo19sanga wĕlas -29sanga likur-39tĕlung puluh sangabeh-nga
Powers of 10 When basic numbers are combined with powers of 10, the modifier is applied. The table below uses the modifier of one (sa-) as an example. Power notationNameInternational notationShort scale Western (long scale Western)JavaneseLatin100ꦱꦶꦗꦶsiji1One101ꦱꦥꦸꦭꦸꦃsapuluh10TenSI prefix: deca-102ꦱꦲꦠꦸꦱ꧀saatus100One hundred SI prefix: hecto-103ꦱꦲꦶꦮꦸsaiwu1,000One thousand SI prefix: kilo-104ꦱꦊꦏ꧀ꦱsalĕksa10,000Ten thousand105ꦱꦏꦼꦛꦶsakĕthi100,000One hundred thousand106ꦱꦪꦸꦠsayuta1,000,000One million SI prefix: mega-107ꦱꦮꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦿsawĕndra10,000,000Ten million108ꦱꦧꦫsabara100,000,000One hundred million109ꦱꦒꦸꦭ꧀ꦩsagulma1,000,000,000One billion (one milliard) SI prefix: giga-1010ꦱꦕꦩꦸsacamu10,000,000,000Ten billion (ten milliard)1011ꦱꦮꦸꦂꦝsawurdha100,000,000,000One hundred billion (one hundred milliard)1012ꦱꦏꦶꦂꦤsakirna1,000,000,000,000One trillion (one billion) SI prefix: tera-1013ꦱꦥꦸꦭꦸꦃꦏꦶꦂꦤsapuluh kirna10,000,000,000,000Ten trillion (ten billion)1014ꦱꦲꦠꦸꦱ꧀ꦏꦶꦂꦤsaatus kirna100,000,000,000,000One hundred trillion (one hundred billion)1015ꦱꦠꦸꦠ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦩsatutsma1,000,000,000,000,000One quadrillion (one billiard) SI prefix: peta-1016ꦱꦥꦸꦭꦸꦃꦠꦸꦠ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦩsapuluh tutsma10,000,000,000,000,000Ten quadrillion (ten billiard)1017ꦱꦲꦠꦸꦱ꧀ꦠꦸꦠ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦩsaatus tutsma100,000,000,000,000,000One hundred quadrillion (one hundred billiard)1018ꦱꦠꦒsataga1,000,000,000,000,000,000One quintillion (one trillion) SI prefix: exa-
"Minus half" numerals There are 3 words that mean "minus half of" some number. Tĕngah means minus half of 1, sasur means minus half of 10, and bĕlah means minus half of 100.
The format is ka- + basic numeral + minus half numeral. The basic numeral’s place value is decided by the minus half numeral, so the lima ("five") in kalima tĕngah () means five, while the lima in kalima sasur (45) means fifty.
For place values over 100, compounds containing bĕlah are used. Minus half of 1000 is bĕlah iwu. Minus half of 10,000 is bĕlah lĕksa.
TĕngahSasurBĕlahArabic NumeralJavanese NameArabic NumeralJavanese NameArabic NumeralJavanese Namesatĕngah35kapat sasur150karo bĕlahkaro tĕngah45kalima sasur250katĕlu bĕlahkatĕlu tĕngah55kaĕnĕm sasur350kapat bĕlahkapat tĕngah65kapitu sasur450kalima bĕlahkalima tĕngah75kawolu sasur550kaĕnĕm bĕlahkaĕnĕm tĕngah85kasanga sasur650kapitu bĕlahkapitu tĕngah95kasapuluh sasur750kawolu bĕlahkawolu tĕngah850kasanga bĕlahkasanga tĕngah950kasapuluh bĕlahkasapuluh tĕngah1,500karo bĕlah iwukasaatus tĕngah45,000kapat bĕlah lĕksaand so on... Sasur is only used for thirty and above.
Fractions Fractions are made up of numerator (modifier form) + pra- + denominator. Below is the example: NumeralNumeratorDenominatorNametĕlupattĕlung prapatsijitĕlusapratĕlupatlimapatang pralima
Special numerals There are several forms of numbering that do not follow the pattern above. These special numerals can be combined with the powers of 10. NumeralNameNgokoKrama25salawesalangkung35salapan-50saikĕt-60sawidak-75tĕlung lawe-400samas-800dhomas-
Examples NumeralJavaneseEnglishLiteralTranscriptionKapat bĕlah karo tĕngahFour hundred minus fifty and two minus one-halfThree hundred fifty-one and a half 500,075Limang kĕthi kawolu sasurFive kĕthi and eighty minus fiveFive hundred thousand and seventy five 123,456,789Sabahara rong wĕndra tĕlung yuta kalima belah kĕthi ĕnĕm iwu pitung atus wolung puluh sangaOne bahara two wĕndra three million five hundred minus fifty thousand and six thousand seven hundred eighty-nineOne hundred and twenty-three million four hundred and fifty-six thousand seven hundred and eighty-nine 17,000,000,000Sacamu pitung gulmaOne camu seven gulmaSeventeen billion (short scale)6,789,000,000,000,000Ĕnĕm tutsma pitung atus wolung puluh sanga kirnaSix tutsma seven hundred eighty nine kirnaSix quadrillion seven hundred and eighty-nine trillion
Old Javanese numerals Old Javanese numerals have two sets of names: native names (from Austronesian) and loan names (from Sanskrit). Old JavaneseWesternArabic Old JavaneseNativeSanskrit 0- () 1 () () 2 () () () 3 () () () 4 () () () 5 () () () 6 () () 7 () () 8 () () () () 9 () () () 10 () ()
The word for zero was calqued into Arabic as , meaning 'nothing', which became the term "zero" in many European languages via Medieval Latin .
See also Balinese numerals, a related but yet more complex numeral system.
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