E-Z827, also known as E1b1b1b,ISOGG (2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades - 2015 is a major human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is the parent lineage to the E-Z830 and E-V257 subclades, and defines their common phylogeny. The former is predominantly found in the Middle East; the latter is most frequently observed in North Africa, with its E-M81 subclade observed among the ancient Guanche natives of the Canary Islands. E-Z827 is also found at lower frequencies in Europe, and in isolated parts of Southeast Africa.
Subclades of E-Z827 and Distribution
Family Tree The following phylogeny is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research as summarized by ISOGG.
E-Z827 (Z827) - E1b1b1bISOGG 2015 E-V257/L19 (L19, V257) - E1b1b1b1 E-PF2431 (PF2431) E-PF2438 E-Y10561 E-FGC18981 E-FGC38527 E-Y35933 E-FGC18960 E-Y33020 E-FGC18958 E-PF2440 E-PF2471 E-BY9805 E-M81 (M81) E-M81* E-PF2546 E-PF2546* E-CTS12227 E-MZ11 E-MZ12 E-A929 E-Z5009 E-Z5009* E-Z5010 E-Z5013 E-Z5013* E-A1152 E-A2227 E-A428 E-MZ16 E-PF6794 E-PF6794* E-PF6789 E-MZ21 E-MZ23 E-MZ80 E-A930 E-Z2198/E-MZ46 E-A601 E-L351 E-Z830 (Z830) - E1b1b1b2 E-M123 (M123) E-M34 (M34) E-M84 (M84) E-M136 (M136) E-M290 (M290) E-V23 (V23) E-L791 (L791, L792) E-V1515 E-V1515* E-V1486 E-V1486* E-V2881 E-V2881* E-V1792 E-V92 E-M293 (M293) E-M293* E-P72 (P72) E-V3065* E-V1700 E-V42 (V42) E-V1785 E-V1785* E-V6 (V6)
E-V257/L19 (E1b1b1b1)
"E-V257/L19*" individuals were found in published samples who were E-V257/L19, but not E-M81. several Middle Easterners and northafricans, a Corsican, a Sardinian, a Borana from Kenya, a southern Spaniard and a Cantabrian.
E-PF2431 PF2431 is the sister branch of M81 which was discovered in Paolo Francalacci (2011). Previously, it was designated L19*/V257*. This mutation has been discovered in North Africa (in Souss in Morocco, in central and eastern Algeria, West Nile in Egypt), the Sahel (Chad, Gambia), Western Europe (United Kingdom (Derbyshire), Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Italy) and Near Eastern (Turkey, Karabakh and Urmia). It would have formed 13800 years ago and is thought to originate from the "green" Sahara. Its TMRCA is estimated at 10600 years by yfull.
Archeology unearthed the remains of a member of the Hungarian conquering elite was analyzed from branch E-FGC19010, it had been discovered in Sandorfalva in Hungary and is dated to the second half of the tenth century. A skeleton was discovered at the Monastery of San Pietro, Villa Magna in Italy, whose DNA belongs to the same branch and lived around 1180CE. Scientists have examined the DNA of a mass grave of victims of the bubonic plague in Ellwangen in Germany, this one dates from the 16th century and belongs to another branch E-FGC18981.
E-M81 E-L19/V257's dominant sub-clade E-M81 is thought to have originated in the Near East of Africa 13,000 years ago and to have become dominant during Chartage's expansion or an origin in the area of the northwest of Africa 7,000 years ago, however all Yfull members are M183 and have a TMRCA of just 4200 years ago.
E-M81 is the most common subclade of haplogroup E-L19/V257. It is concentrated in MENA, and is dominated by its E-M183 subclade. E-M183 is believed to have originated in the Near East or Northwest of Africa, and has an estimated age of 4200 ybp.
The E-M183 sub haplogroup reaches a mean frequency of 42% in North Africa. It decreases in frequency from 100% among some populations to approximately 28.6% to the east of this range in Egypt. The E-M81 subclade is predominant among North-African Berber speaking populations and Maghrebi Arabs. In Tunisia, it reached 100% frequency among a sample of Arabs from Zriba, 89.5% in Andalusians (Qalaat-al-Andalous) and 100% in Berbers from Chenini-Douiret, Jradou and Takrouna. It is generally found at frequencies around 45% in coastal cities of the Maghreb (Oran, Tunis, Algiers). It is also prevalent among other Berber populations and reaches frequency of 72.4% in Marrakesh Berbers, 80% in Mozabite, and 71% in Middle Atlas Berbers (Moyen). It also reaches high levels (77.8%) among the Tuareg population inhabiting the Sahara in Burkina Faso, near Gor it reaches a much lower frequency of 11.1% in the vicinity of Tanut in the Republic of Niger.
In this key area from Egypt to the Atlantic Ocean, report a pattern of decreasing STR haplotype variation (implying decreasing lineage age in those areas) from East to West (but reports West to East for M183), accompanied by a substantial increasing frequency. At the eastern extreme of this core range, M81 is found in 28.6% (10 out of 35 men) in El-Hayez in the Western desert in Egypt
The pattern of distribution and variance to be consistent with the hypothesis of a post Paleolithic "demic diffusion" from the Middle East. The ancestral lineage of E-M81 in their hypothesis could have been linked with the spread of Neolithic food-producing technologies from the Fertile Crescent via the Nile, although pastoralism rather than agriculture. E-M81 and possibly proto-Afroasiatic language may have been carried either all the way from Asia, or they may represent a "local contribution to the North African Neolithic transition".
The E-M81 subclade has been found in ancient Guanche (Bimbapes) fossils excavated in Punta Azul, El Hierro, Canary Islands, which are dated to the 10th century (~44%). Also found in ifri n'ammar that makes the Northwest African origin the likely origin of where it expanded, and not the Middle East.
Europe In Europe, E-M81 has a widespread distribution at very low frequencies but is common mostly in the Iberian Peninsula, where unlike in the rest of Europe, shows an average frequency of 4.3% (49/1140) in the Iberian Peninsula with frequencies reaching 4% and 9% in two separate surveys of Galicia, 10% in Western Andalusia and Northwest Castile. However this study also includes 153 individuals from Majorca, Minorca and Ibiza islands as well as 24 individuals from Gascony which are not in the Iberian Peninsula. Without these 177 individuals, real average for Iberian Peninsula is 4.9% (47/963) it is more common than E-M78, with an average frequency around 5%. Its frequencies are higher in the western half of the peninsula with frequencies reaching 8% in Extremadura and South Portugal, 4% in one study and 9% in another in Galicia, 10% in Western Andalusia and Northwest Castile and 9% to 17% in Cantabria. The highest frequencies of this clade found so far in Europe were observed in the Pasiegos from Cantabria, ranging from 18% (8/45) to 41% (23/56). An average frequency of 8.28% (54/652) has also been reported in the Spanish Canary Islands with frequencies over 10% in the three largest islands of Tenerife (10.68%), Gran Canaria (11.54%) and Fuerteventura (13.33%).
E-M81 is also found in other parts of Europe, such as Britain – especially Wales and Scotland – and France, where it has an overall incidence of 2.7% (15/555), with frequencies surpassing 5.0% in Auvergne (5/89) and Île-de-France (5/91).Only men with French surname were analysed, in order to try to exclude more recent immigrants. E-M81 was also observed in Italy with frequencies of 0,7% to 5,8% in Sardinia,Francalacci et al. (2013), Low-Pass DNA Sequencing of 1200 Sardinians Reconstructs European Y-Chromosome Phylogeny approximately 2.12% overall in Sicily (but up to 7.14% in Piazza Armerina), and in very much lower frequency near Lucera (1.7%), in continental Italy, possibly due to ancient migrations during the Islamic, Roman, and Carthaginian empires. In a 2014 study by Stefania Sarno et al. with 326 samples from Cosenza, Reggio Calabria, Lecce and five Sicilian provinces, E-M81 shows an average frequency of 1.53%, but the typical Maghrebin core haplotype 13-14-30-24-9-11-13 has been found in only two out of the five E-M81 individuals. These results, along with the negligible contribution from North-African populations revealed by the admixture-like plot analysis, suggest only a marginal impact of trans-Mediterranean gene flows on the current SSI genetic pool. This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.
Latin America As a result of Spanish and Portuguese colonization of the Americas, this sub-clade is found throughout Latin America, for example 6.1% in Cuba, (8 out of 132), 5.4% in Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) (6 out of 112), "The presence of chromosomes of North African origin (E3b1b-M81; can also be explained by a Portuguese-mediated influx, since this haplogroup reaches a frequency of 5.6% in Portugal, quite similar to the frequency found in Rio de Janeiro (5.4%) among European contributors." and among Hispanic men from California and Hawaii 2.4% (7 out of 295),
Others In smaller numbers, E-M81 men can be found in areas in contact with the Maghreb, both around the Sahara, in places like Sudan, and around the Mediterranean in places like Lebanon, Turkey, and amongst Sephardic Jews.
Distribution The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for E-M81, showing where its distribution is greater than 1% in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Latin America.