This is a chronological list of pioneer aircraft built, planned or conceptualized before 1914. Entries here may or may not be repeated in the main List of aircraft pages.
Before the 19th century
400 BC Archytas steam powered pigeon 1485 Da Vinci Ornithopter 1493 Da Vinci Helicopter 1495 Da Vinci Aeroplane 1648 Hautsch and Burattini Flying machine 1655 Borelli and Hooke Ornithopter 1670 Terzi Flying boat 1678 Besnier Ornithopter 1709 De Gusmao Steam airship 1714 Swedenborg Monoplane 1742 De Bacqueville Artificial wings 1754 Lomonosov Helicopter 1764 Bauer Ornithopter 1768 Paucton Helicopter 1772 Desforges Flying machine 1781 Blanchard Flying machine 1781 Meerwein Ornithopter 1784 Blanchard Airship 1784 Charles and Robert Airship 1784 Gerard Ornithopter 1784 Launoy and Bienvenu Helicopter 1784 Meusnier Airship 1784 Renaux Ornithopter 1784 Thibault Flying machine 1788 De Goue Flying machine 1793 Aguilera Glider 1796 Cayley Helicopter
19th century
1804 Cayley Glider 1808 Degen Ornithopter 1811 Berblinger Glider 1812 Leppig Airship 1818 Lambertgye Helicopter 1828 Sarti Helicopter 1842 Henson Ariel monoplane 1843 Cayley Helicopter 1845 Cossus Helicopter 1848 Cayley Biplane glider 1848 Stringfellow Monoplane 1849 Porter Airship 1850 Jullien Airship 1852 Giffard Airship 1853 Cayley Glider 1853 Letur Flying machine 1854 Porter Airship 1856 Mouillard Glider No.1 1857 Du Temple Monoplane 1857 Le Bris Albatross glider 1857 Mouillard Glider No.2 and No.3 (1857–1864) 1858 Wenham Multiwing glider 1861 Amecourt Helicopter 1861 Bright Helicopter 1861 Nelson Helicopter 1862 Crowell Helicopter 1862 Powers Helicopter 1863 Amecourt Helicopter 1863 Andrews Aereon airship 1864 Teleshov Mennon Struve Sistema Vosdukhoplavania monoplane 1865 Brodbeck Airship 1866 Andrews Aereon 2 airship 1866 Wenham Monoplane and Multiwing glider 1866 Wootton Helicopter 1867 Teleshov Delta (rocket engined) 1868 Le Bris Albatross II glider 1868 Stringfellow Triplane 1869 Marriott Avitor airship 1870 Penaud Helicopter 1871 Penaud Planophore 1871 Pomes & Pauze Helicopter (rocket rotor engined) 1871 Rykachev Helicopter 1872 De Lome Airship 1872 Haenlein Airship 1872 Maxim Helicopter 1873 Penaud Ornithopter 1874 Achenbach Helicopter 1874 Du Temple Monoplane 1874 Penaud Amphibian monoplane 1875 Moy Aerial SteamerChanute, O, Progress in Aerial Locomotion 1876 Penaud Monoplane with enclosed flight deck 1876 Ward Helicopter 1877 Dieuaide Helicopter 1877 Forlanini Helicopter 1877 Vuitton Helicopter 1878 Castel Helicopter 1878 Mouillard Glider No.4 (1878–1895) 1878 Ritchel Airship 1879 Biot-Massia Glider 1879 Greenough Helicopter 1879 Melikoff Helicopter 1879 Quinby Helicopter 1879 Stedman Airship 1879 Tatin Monoplane 1880 Wolfert Baumgarten Airship 1883 Tissandier Airship 1884 Goupil Duck 1884 Montgomery glider#1 (Gull) 1884 Mozhaisky Monoplane 1884 Renard Krebs Airship 1885 Montgomery glider#2 1885 Wolf Airship 1886 Montgomery glider#3 1887 Langley Glider 1888 Herard Flying machine 1888 Johnston Helicopter 1888 Wolfert Airship 1889 Hargrave Flying machine 1890 Ader Eole 1890 Tatin and Richet Flying machine (1890–1897) 1891 Capazza Airship 1891 Hargrave Monoplane 1891 Lilienthal Derwitzer glider 1891 Matyunin Mikst airship (mixed HTA-LTA I. A. Matyunin) 1891 Ninomiya Karasu and Tamamushi 1892 Ader Avion II 1892 Lilienthal Sudende glider 1892 Ostoja-Ostaszweski-Mondrzykowski Stibor No.1 1893 Herring Glider 1893 Lilienthal Klein ornithopter (1893–1896) 1893 Lilienthal Maihohe Rhinow glider 1893 Phillips 1893 Multi-Wing Flying machine 1893 Schwartz Airship 1894 Herring Monoplane glider 1894 Lanchester Aerodon 1894 Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat glider 1894 Lilienthal Sturmflugel glider 1894 Maxim Flying machine 1894 Tanski Glider 1895 Lilienthal Gross doppeldecker glider 1895 Lilienthal Klein doppeldecker glider 1895 Lilienthal Vorflugelapparat glider 1895 Pilcher Beetle, Bat and Gull glider 1895 Talpade Marutsakha flying machine 1896 Chanute Biplane and Multiwing glider 1896 airship Deutschland 1896 Frost Airship Glider 1896 Langley Aerodrome No.5 and No.6 1896 Lilienthal Gross ornithopter 1897 Ader Avion III 1897 Gallaudet Hydroplane glider 1897 Nyberg Flugan (1897–1910) 1897 Pilcher Hawk glider 1897 Schwartz and Berg Airship 1898 Gilmore Monoplane 1898 Herring Biplane motorglider 1898 Santos-Dumont No.1 airship 1899 Pilcher Triplane motorglider 1899 Santos-Dumont No.2 airship 1899 Santos-Dumont No.3 airship 1899 Whitehead Flying machine (Gustav Whitehead Weisskopf)
1900
1900 Santos-Dumont No.4 airship 1900 Wright No.1 Glider 1900 Zeppelin LZ-1 airship
1901
1901 Blériot I 1901 Kress Floatplane 1901 Nemethy Flugrad (Emil von Némethy) 1901 Santos-Dumont No.5 airship 1901 Santos-Dumont No.6 airship 1901 Whitehead No. 21 (Gustav Whitehead Weisskops) 1901 Wright No.2 Glider
1902
1902 Cannon Ezekiel Airship 1902 Ferber Biplane glider (Ferdinand Ferber) 1902 Lebaudy No.1 airship 1902 Santos-Dumont No.7 airship 1902 Spencer Airship No.1 1902 Wright No.3 glider
1903
1903 Botts Flying machine 1903 Fedorov Five wing plane 1903 Jatho Doppeldecker motorgleiter 1903 Langley Aerodrome A 1903 Lebaudy No.1 Jaune I bis airship 1903 Pearse monoplane 1903 Santos-Dumont No.9 Baladeuse airship 1903 Santos-Dumont No.10 airship 1903 Spencer Airship No.2 1903 Tatin Mallet Airship 1903 Wright Flyer l
1904
1904 Archdeacon Glider 1904 Lebaudy No.1A airship 1904 Montgomery Santa Clara tandem glider 1904 Phillips 1904 Multi-Wing Flying machine 1904 Wright Flyer II
1905
1905 Blériot II 1905 Blériot-Voisin Floatplane glider 1905 Ellehammer Monoplane 1905 Ferber VI glider 1905 Gillespie Aeroplane 1905 Jones Aeroplane (Charles Oliver Jones) 1905 Lebaudy No.1B airship 1905 Lipkovski Helicopter 1905 Montgomery California tandem glider 1905 Montgomery Defalco tandem glider 1905 Santos-Dumont No.11 monoplane 1905 Santos-Dumont No.12 helicopter 1905 Santos-Dumont No.13 airship 1905 Schio Italia I airship 1905 Voisin Floatplane glider 1905 Willows No.1 airship 1905 Wright Flyer III
1906
1906 Blériot III tandem biplane 1906 Blériot IV tandem biplane 1906 Bellamy Floatplane 1906 Crocco and Ricaldoni Airship 1 1906 De La Hault Ornithopter (flapper) 1906 Ellehammer No.1 tractor monoplane 1906 Ellehammer semi-biplane 1906 Gilbert Monoplane (Eugene Gilbert) 1906 Godard Airship (French airship built for an American journalist to reach the North Pole) 1906 Lebaudy No.1C airship 1906 Lebaudy No.2 Patrie airship 1906 Parseval Versuchsluftschiff 1906 Pischoff et Koechlin Tandem biplane 1906 Santos-Dumont No.14A airship 1906 Santos-Dumont No.14B airship 1906 Santos-Dumont No.14bis Canard 1906 Surcouf Airship 1906 Vuia I 1906 Vuia I bis 1906 Zeppelin LZ-2 airship 1906 Zeppelin LZ-3 Z-I airship 1906 Zodiac No.1 airship
1907
1907 ABF No.1 NS I and NS II airship (also known as British Army Airship No.1 NS I and NS II) 1907 Agusta Biplane (Giovanni Agusta) 1907 Blanc and Barlatier Aeroplane 1907 Blériot V Canard 1907 Blériot VI Libellule 1907 Blériot VII monoplane 1907 Breguet-Richet Gyroplane No.1 1907 Collomb Ornithopter 1907 Cornu helicopter 1907 De La Vaux Monoplane 1907 De Pischoff Tractor biplane 1907 Dunne D.1 glider 1907 Ellehammer Triplane 1907 Equivelly-Montjustin Multiplane 1907 Epps Monoplane 1907 Esnault-Pelterie REP.1 1907 Etrich-Wels I 1907 Farman HF.I pusher biplane (Henri Farman) 1907 Ferber VIII 1907 Gammeter Orthopter 1907 Gross-Basenach Versuchsluftschiff 1907 Koechlin No.1 biplane 1907 Lebaudy No.2A airship 1907 Phillips 1907 Multi-Wing Flying machine 1907 Santos-Dumont No.15 biplane 1907 Santos-Dumont No.16 airship 1907 Santos-Dumont No.19 Demoiselle 1907 Santos-Dumont No.19bis Demoiselle 1907 Sautereau Biplane 1907 Seux Monoplane (Edmond Seux) 1907 Torres-Quevedo No.1 airship 1907 Voisin 1907 biplane 1907 Voisin HF.I biplane 1907 Vuia II 1907 Wright Model A
1908
1908 AEA June Bug 1908 AEA Loon pontoon floatplane 1908 AEA Red Wing 1908 AEA Silver Dart 1908 AEA White Wing 1908 Antoinette IV 1908 Antoinette V 1908 Astra-Clement-Bayard No.1 airship 1908 Astra-Kapferer Tandem plane 1908 Auffin-Ordt Monoplane 1908 Baldwin SC-1 airship 1908 Bates Biplane I 1908 Bates Biplane II 1908 Berliner-Williams Helicopter 1908 Bertin Compound helicopter 1908 Blanc et Barlatier Monoplane 1908 Blériot VIII monoplane 1908 Blériot IX monoplane 1908 Blériot X biplane 1908 Blériot XI monoplane 1908 Bocker Triplane 1908 Bonnet-Labranche No.1 pusher biplane 1908 Bonnet-Labranche No.2 pusher biplane 1908 Bousson Borguis Triplane 1908 Breguet-Richet Gyroplane No.2 1908 Cody I biplane (also known as British Army Aeroplane No.1 of Cody 'Cathedral') 1908 De Caters Triplane 1908 Delagrange No.2 biplane 1908 Delagrange No.3 biplane 1908 Dernaut Monoplane 1908 Denhaut-Bouyer-Mercier Biplane 1908 Dufaux Tractor dreidecker 1908 Dunne D.4 1908 Ellehammer IV tractor biplane 1908 Esnault-Pelterie REP 2 monoplane 1908 Etrich-Wels Tailless parasol 1908 Etrich-Wels Tractor monoplane 1908 Euler No.3 doppeldecker 1908 Farman HF.Ibis pusher triplane (Henri Farman) 1908 Farman HF Flying fish monoplane 1908 Ferber IX (also known as Antoinette III) 1908 Gasnier Biplane (René Gasnier) 1908 Gastambide-Mengin I (also known as Antoinette I) 1908 Gastambide-Mengin II (also known as Antoinette II) 1908 Geisler Eindecker 1908 Goupy Triplane 1908 Grade Dreidecker 1908 Gross-Basenach M I airship 1908 Guilbaut Tandem monoplane 1908 Guyot et Verdier Biplane 1908 Hippsich Eindecker (maybe 1908) 1908 Italian Μilitary Αirship No.1 1908 Jatho IV doppeldecker motorgleiter 1908 Kapferer Tandem monoplaneL'aéroplane Kapferer. l'Aérophile: 1 April 1908, p. 122. 1908 Lebaudy No.3 Republique airship 1908 Leray Triplane 1908 Liore No.1 1908 Lorenzen Helicopter 1908 Luyties Otto Helicopter 1908 Ostoja-Ostaszweski Stibor No.2 ornithopter 1908 Ostoja-Ostaszweski Stibor No.3 ornithopter 1908 Passat Ornithopter 1908 Pean Monoplane 1908 Pischoff et Koechlin Tandem monoplane 1908 Quick Monoplane 1908 Robart 1 1.2 monoplane 1908 Robinson Monoplane 1908 Roe I Biplane 1908 Roshon Multiplane 1908 Santos-Dumont No.20 Demoiselle 1908 Schneider No.1 biplane (Frederick Schneider) 1908 Scholtz Flying machine 1908 Sellers No.5 quadriplane 1908 Seux-Roesch Biplane 1908 Shabsky Uchebny airship 1908 Torres-Quevedo No.2 airship 1908 Tatin Monoplane 1908 Tips Canard biplane 1908 Vaniman Triplane 1908 Vendome No.2 monoplane 1908 Voisin HF.Ibis biplane 1908 Voisin Standard biplane 1908 Vuitton-Huber Helicopter 1908 Williams Quadriplane 1908 Witzig-Liore-Dutilleul Biplane 1908 Zens Pusher biplane 1908 Zeppelin LZ-4.2 airship 1908 Zeppelin LZ-4.3 airship 1908 Zerbe Sextuplane (James Slough Zerbe)
1909
1909 ABF No.2A airship (also known as British Army Airship No.2A) 1909 ABF No.3 airship (also known as British Army Airship No.3) 1909 Abric-Calas Glider 1909 Abric-Calas Biplane 1909 Aerial Manufacturing monoplane 1909 Aerocar Monoplane 1909 Aeromarine Flying boat 1909 Aimé-Salmson Autoplane 1909 Aldasoro Monoplane 1909 AMA Biplane 1909 Antoinette VI 1909 Antoinette VII 1909 Antoinette VIII 1909 Antoni Monoplane 1909 Anzani Tractor monoplane 1909 Armitage Monoplane 1 seater 1909 Arnoux Flying wing 1909 ASL monoplane No.1 1909 Astley Monoplane 1909 Auffin-Ordt Monoplane 1909 A.V.I.A. Monoplane 1909 A.V.I.A. Vedette biplane 1909 Avioplan 1909 Baddeck No. 1 1909 Baddeck No. 2 1909 Barnwell Canard biplane 1909 Barillon Monoplane No.1 1909 Barrillon Monoplane No.2 1909 Beach-Willard Monoplane 1909 Beilharz Eindecker 1909 Blackburn Dart triplane 1909 Blackburn-Walker biplane 1909 Blériot XII highwing monoplane 1909 Bobenreith Biplane 1909 Bokor Triplane