Movement disorder

Movement disorders are clinical syndromes with either an excess of movement or a paucity of voluntary and involuntary movements, unrelated to weakness or spasticity.Movement disorders are conventionally divided into two major categories- hyperkinetic and hypokinetic. +Hypokinetic movement disordersHyperkinetic movement disorders Rigidity Akinesia (lack of movement) Hypokinesia (reduced amplitude of movements) Bradykinesia (slow movement), and rigidity.Tremor (Rest, postural, action)Bhatia, K. P., et al. (2018). Consensus Statement on the classification of tremors. Movement Disorders, 33(1), 75–87. doi:10.1002/mds.27121. Dystonia (Focal, segmental, generalized)Albanese, A., et al. (2013). Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update. Movement Disorders, 28(7), 863–873. doi:10.1002/mds.25475. Chorea and ballism Myoclonus Tics / Tic disorders In primary movement disorders, the abnormal movement is the primary manifestation of the disorder. In secondary movement disorders, the abnormal movement is a manifestation of another systemic or neurological disorder. Treatment depends upon the underlying disorder.

Classification Comprehensive list of symptoms, syndromes and diseases. Movement DisordersICD-9-CMICD-10-CMHypokinetic Movement disordersPoliomyelitis, acute045A80Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease)335.20G12.21Parkinson's disease (Primary or Idiopathic Parkinsonism)332G20Secondary ParkinsonismG21Parkinson plus syndromesPantothenate kinase-associated neurodegenerationG23.0Progressive Supranuclear OphthalmoplegiaG23.1Striatonigral degenerationG23.2Multiple sclerosis340G35Radiation-induced polyneuropathy (brachial and lumbar plexopathies)G62.82Muscular dystrophy359.0G71.0Cerebral palsy343G80Rheumatoid arthritis714M05Hyperkinetic Movement disordersGLUT1 deficiency syndromeE74.810Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (with hyperactivity)314.01F90Tic disorders (involuntary, compulsive, repetitive, stereotyped)F95Tourette's syndromeF95.2Stereotypic movement disorderF98.5Huntington's disease (Huntington's chorea)333.4G10DystoniaG24Drug induced dystoniaG24.0Idiopathic familial dystonia333.6G24.1Idiopathic nonfamilial dystonia333.7G24.2Spasmodic torticollis333.83G24.3Idiopathic orofacial dystoniaG24.4Blepharospasm333.81G24.5Other dystoniasG24.8Other extrapyramidal movement disordersG25Essential tremor333.1G25.0Drug induced tremorG25.1Other specified form of tremorG25.2Myoclonus333.2G25.3Chorea (rapid, involuntary movement)Drug induced choreaG25.4Drug-induced tics and tics of organic origin333.3G25.6Paroxysmal nocturnal limb movementG25.80Painful legs (or arms), moving toes (or fingers) syndromeG25.81Sporadic restless leg syndromeG25.82Familial restless leg syndromeG25.83Stiff-person syndrome333.91G25.84Ballismus (violent involuntary rapid and irregular movements)G25.85Hemiballismus (affecting only one side of the body)G25.85Myokymia, facialG51.4Neuromyotonia (Isaacs Syndrome)359.29G71.19Opsoclonus379.59H57Rheumatic chorea (Sydenham's chorea)I02Abnormal head movementsR25.0Tremor unspecifiedR25.1Cramp and spasmR25.2FasciculationR25.3Athetosis (contorted torsion or twisting)333.71R25.8Dyskinesia (abnormal, involuntary movement)Tardive dyskinesia

Diagnosis Step I : Decide the dominant type of movement disorder

Step II : Make differential diagnosis of the particular disorder

Step II: Confirm the diagnosis by lab tests Metabolic screening Microbiology Immunology CSF examination Genetics Imaging Neurophysiological tests Pharmacological tests Sleep study

History Vesalius and Piccolomini in 16th century distinguished subcortical nuclei from cortex and white matter. However Willis' conceptualized the corpus striatum as the seat of motor power in the late 17th century. In mid-19th-century movement disorders were localized to striatum by Choreaby Broadbent and Jackson, and athetosis by Hammond. By the late 19th century, many movement disorders were described, but for most no pathologic correlate was known.

Movement disorder

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