This is a list of wars and armed conflicts involving Russia and its predecessors in chronological order, from the 9th to the 21st century.
The Russian military and troops of its predecessor states in Russia took part in a large number of wars and armed clashes in various parts of the world: starting from the princely squads, opposing the raids of nomads, and fighting for the expansion of the territory of Kievan Rus'. Following the disintegration of Kievan Rus', the emergence of the Principality of Moscow and then the centralized Russian state saw a period of significant territorial growth of the state centred in Moscow and then St. Petersburg during the 15th to 20th centuries, marked by wars of conquest in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, the Volga region, Siberia, Central Asia and the Far East, the world wars of the early 20th century, the proxy wars of the Cold War, and today.
The list includes:
external wars foreign intervention in domestic conflicts anti-colonial uprisings of the peoples conquered during the Russian expansion princely feuds peasant uprisings revolutions
Legend of results:
Kievan Rus'
Date Conflict Location Rus and its allies Opponent(s) Result 830s Paphlagonian expedition of the Rusʹ Rus' Khaganate Victory 860 Siege of Constantinople (860) Rus' Khaganate Victory 907 Rus'–Byzantine War (907) Kievan Rus' VictoryJanet Martin (2004). Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia. Cambridge University Press. p. 115 920–1036 Rus'–Pecheneg campaigns Kievan Rus' Pechenegs Various results; eventually victory 941 Rus'–Byzantine War (941) Kievan Rus' Defeat 944/945 Rus'-Byzantine War (944/945) Kievan Rus' VictoryVilhelm Ludvig Peter Thomsen (2010). The Relations Between Ancient Russia and Scandinavia, and the Origin of the Russian State. Cambridge University Press. p. 25 964–965 Sviatoslav's campaign against Khazars Kievan Rus' Khazar Khaganate Victory Destruction of the Khazar Khaganate 967/968–971 Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria Kievan Rus' Defeat 981 Vladimir the Great's campaign on Cherven Cities Kievan Rus' Duchy of Poland Victory 985 Vladimir the Great's campaign against Volga Bulgaria Kievan Rus' Volga Bulgaria Military victory, then agreement 987 Rus'–Byzantine War (987) Kievan Rus' Military victory and agreement Baptism of Vladimir and further Christianization of Kievan Rus' 1022 Yaroslav the Wise's attack on Brest Kievan Rus' Duchy of Poland Defeat 1024 Rus'–Byzantine War (1024) Kievan Rus' Defeat 1030 Yaroslav the Wise's campaign against Chud Kievan Rus' Chud Victory Estonian tribes start to pay tribute to Rus' 1030–1031 Yaroslav the Wise's campaign on Cherven Cities Kievan Rus' Duchy of Poland Victory 1042–1228 Finnish–Novgorodian wars Kievan Rus' (until 1136) Novgorod Republic Baltic Finnic peoples of Fennoscandia (Yem people) Various results, mostly victories The wars' effect on the Finns' society contributed to the eventual Swedish conquest of western Finland circa 1249 1043 Rus'–Byzantine War (1043) Kievan Rus' Defeat 1055–1223 Rus'–Cuman campaigns Kievan Rus' Cumans Various results, mostly victories 1061 Sosols raid against Pskov Kievan Rus' Sosols Defeat Yaroslav the Wise's conquests in Estonia are lost 1132–1445 Swedish–Novgorodian Wars Kievan Rus' (until 1136) Novgorod Republic Kingdom of Sweden Kingdom of Norway (from 1319) Stalemate after the Black Death 1147 Bolesław IV the Curly's raid on Old Prussians Bolesław IV the CurlyKievan Rus' Old Prussians Victory 1203–1234 Campaigns of Rus princes against the Order of the Sword Kievan Rus' Vladimir-Suzdal Principality of Polotsk Principality of Smolensk Novgorod Republic Grand Duchy of Lithuania Baltic peoples Baltic Finnic peoples Livonian Brothers of the Sword Baltic Germans Defeat The crusaders capture Baltic lands up to the borders of Kievan Rus' and Lithuania 1223–1240 Mongol invasion of Rus' Mongol Empire Decisive defeat The principalities of the Kievan Rus' became vassals of the Mongol Empire 1240–1242 Livonian campaign against Rus' Kievan Rus' Vladimir-Suzdal Pskov Republic Novgorod Republic Teutonic Order Livonian Order
Kingdom of Sweden Kingdom of Denmark Duchy of Estonia Victory Defeat of the Germans Peace with Prince Alexander Nevsky The waiving of claims on northern Rus' 1245 Alexandr Nevsky Lithuanian campaign Kievan Rus' Vladimir-Suzdal Pskov Republic Novgorod Republic Grand Duchy of Lithuania Victory 1268 Battle of Wesenberg Denmark Duchy of Estonia Teutonic Order Livonian Order Both sides claim victory
Principality of Moscow (1263–1547)
Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721)
Date Conflict Location Russia and its allies Opponent(s) Result 1552 Siege of Kazan Tatarstan Russia Khanate of Kazan Victory The annexation of Kazan into Russia 1552–1556 Tatar Rebellion Tatarstan Russia Tatar rebels Victory The rebellion is crushed 1554–1557 Ivan the Terrible's Swedish War Karelia Russia Sweden Inconclusive Treaty of Novgorod 1556 Russian conquest of Astrakhan Astrakhan Russia Astrakhan Khanate Victory The annexation of Astrakhan into Russia 1558–1562 Ivan the Terrible's Livonian Campaign Livonia Russia Livonian Confederation Victory Destruction of the Livonian state Truce with Poland and Lithuania 1562–1570 Russo-Lithuanian War Northern Europe Russia Polish–Lithuanian union Victory 1558–1583 Livonian War Northern Europe Defeat Truce of Jam Zapolski Treaty of Plussa 1568–1570 Astrakhan Expedition Astrakhan and Azov Russia Victory Treaty of Constantinople (1570) 1570–1572 Ivan the Terrible's Crimean War European Russia Russia Crimean Khanate Victory The Crimean Tatars burn Moscow in 1571 The Russians defeat the Crimean Tatars at the Battle of Molodi in 1572 The independence of Russia and its conquests in the Volga region preserved 1580–1762 Russian conquest of Siberia Siberia Russia Cossacks Pro-Russian native Siberians Khanate of Sibir (until 1598) Native Siberians Victory The start of Russian annexation of Siberia 1590–1595 Boris Godunov's Swedish War Northern Europe Russia Sweden Inconclusive Treaty of Teusina Мutual territorial concessions 1605–1618 Polish invasions of Russia Russia Poland–Lithuania Defeat 1606–1607 Bolotnikov Rebellion Russia Russia Rebels under Ivan Bolotnikov Victory The rebellion is crushed 1610–1617 Ingrian War Russia Russia Sweden Defeat Treaty of Stolbovo 1632–1634 Smolensk War Smolensk Russia Poland–Lithuania Defeat Treaty of Polyanovka 1651–1653 Alexis I's Persian War North Caucasus Russia Persia Defeat 1652–1689 Sino–Russian border conflicts Heilongjiang and Amur Defeat Treaty of Nerchinsk 1654–1667 First Northern War Eastern Europe Russia Cossack Hetmanate Victory Truce of Andrusovo 1656–1658 Second Northern War Northern Europe Russia Sweden Inconclusive Treaty of Valiesar Treaty of Cardis 1662–1664 First Bashkir Rebellion Bashkortostan Russia Bashkir rebels Inconclusive; political defeat The Russian government was forced to accept Bashkir demands 1665–1720 Dzungar–Russian conflicts Southern Siberia Defeat 1665–1667 Dzungar conquest of Yenisei Yenisei, Siberia Altan Khanate Defeat 1670–1671 Razin's Rebellion Russia Russia Cossacks under Stepan Razin Victory The rebellion is crushed 1676–1681 Feodor III's Turkish War Ukraine Russia IndecisiveDavid R. Stone (2006). A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya. Greenwood. p. 41. Treaty of Bakhchisarai 1683–1700 Great Turkish War Eastern Europe Victory Treaty of Constantinople Russia stops paying regular tribute to Crimea 1700–1721 Great Northern War Europe Victory against Sweden Treaty of Nystad Defeat by Ottoman Empire Treaty of the Pruth 1704–1711 Third Bashkir Rebellion Bashkortostan and Tatarstan Russia Bashkir rebels Military victory, political defeat Russian government forced to accept some Bashkir demands 1707–1708 Bulavin Rebellion Southern Russia Russia Don Cossack rebels Victory The rebellion is crushed 1716 Buccholz's expedition Irtysh, Kazakhstan Defeat 1717 Peter the Great's Khivan War Khanate of Khiva Russia Khanate of Khiva Defeat Russian invasion repelled 1719–1720 Likharev's expedition Lake Zaysan, Kazakhstan Defeat
Russian Empire (1721–1917) Date Conflict Location Russia and its allies Opponent(s) Result 1722–1723 Persian Expedition of Peter the Great Caucasus and northern Iran Persia Victory Treaty of Saint Petersburg 1723–1726 Kazakh–Kalmyk War (1723–1726) Volga–Yaik interfluve, Northern Caspian region Peaceful agreement 1725–1778 Russian conquest of Chukotka Chukotka Chukchi people Inconclusive Attempts to impose a tribute failed in the long run. The Chukchi accepted the agreement on submission, while maintaining a high degree of autonomy. 1733–1738 War of the Polish Succession Rhineland Poland Indecisive Treaty of Vienna 1735–1739 Russo-Austro-Turkish War Eastern Europe Cossack Hetmanate Austria Crimea Victory Russian victory Austrian defeat Treaty of Niš 1735–1740 Fourth Bashkir Rebellion Bashkortostan pro-Russian Bashkirs Bashkir rebels Victory The rebellion is crushed Establishment of Orenburg 1739–1741 Kazakh–Dzungar War (1739–1741) Ishim, Syr Darya, Kazakhstan Defeat 1740–1748 War of the Austrian Succession Europe Inconclusive Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1741–1743 Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) Northern Europe Russia Sweden Victory Treaty of Åbo 1743–1744, 1746–1747 Abul Khair–Neplyuyev conflict Modern-day Kazakhstan and Russia Defeat 1756–1763 Seven Years' War Europe and North America White peace Treaty of Saint Petersburg Defeat of Russia's former allies 1768–1769 Koliivshchyna Rebellion Ukraine Poland-Lithuania Haidamaky Victory The rebellion is crushed 1768–1772 War of the Bar Confederation Poland Victory Treaty of Kuçuk Kainarji First Partition of Poland 1768–1774 Catherine the Great's First Turkish War Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Mediterranean Crimea Victory Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca 1771 1771 Torghut migration Volga river, Emba river, Yaik river, Or, Sagyz rivers, Aktobe Region, Turgai River, Karaganda Region, Lake Balkhash, Russia and Kazakhstan Inconclusive 1773–1775 Pugachev's Rebellion Russia Victory The rebellion is crushed 1787–1792 Catherine the Great's Second Turkish War Eastern Europe Victory Treaty of Jassy 1783–1797 Syrym Datuly's rebellion Kazakhstan Kazakhs Victory 1788–1790 Catherine the Great's Swedish War Finland, western Sweden, and the Baltic Sea Sweden Inconclusive 1792 Catherine the Great's Polish War Poland Targowica Confederation Poland–Lithuania Victory Second Partition of Poland 1794 Kościuszko Uprising Poland Poland–Lithuania Victory The uprising is crushed Third Partition of Poland; Poland ceases to exist as an independent country 1796 Persian Expedition of Catherine the Great North Caucasus and South Caucasus Persia Victory 1799–1802 War of the Second Coalition Europe Withdrawal in 1799 French victory in 1802 1803–1806 War of the Third Coalition Europe Defeat Peace of Pressburg 1804–1813 Alexander I's Persian War North Caucasus, South Caucasus and northern Iran Persia Victory Treaty of Gulistan 1806–1807 War of the Fourth Coalition Eastern and Central Europe Naples France French client states
Confederation of the Rhine
Italy Naples Polish Legions Defeat Treaties of Tilsit 1806–1812 Alexander I's Turkish War Romania, Moldova, Caucasus and Black Sea Ottoman Empire Victory Treaty of Bucharest 1807–1812 Anglo-Russian War Baltic Sea and Barents Sea Inconclusive Treaty of Orebro 1808–1809 Finnish War Finland and Sweden Sweden Victory Treaty of Fredrikshamn 1809 War of the Fifth Coalition Central Europe Victory (limited involvement) Treaty of Schönbrunn 1812 French invasion of Russia Russia Victory The French invasion is repelled Napoleon's Grand Army is destroyed and forced to retreat 1813–1814 War of the Sixth Coalition Europe Victory Treaty of Fontainebleau Treaty of Paris 1815 War of the Seventh Coalition Europe Victory