The two Romanian Rhapsodies, Op. 11, for orchestra, are George Enescu's best-known compositions. They were written in 1901, and first performed together in 1903. The two rhapsodies, and particularly the first, have long held a permanent place in the repertory of every major orchestra. They employ elements of lăutărească music, vivid Romanian rhythms, and an air of spontaneity. They exhibit exotic modal coloring, with some scales having 'mobile' thirds, sixths or sevenths, creating a shifting major/minor atmosphere, one of the characteristics of Romanian music.Maria Zlateva Zlateva, "Romanian Folkloric Influences on George Enescu's Artistic and Musical Development as Exemplified by His Third Violin Sonata", DMA thesis (Austin: The University of Texas at Austin, 2003), 18. They also incorporate some material found in the later drafts of Enescu's Poème roumaine, Op. 1.Maria Zlateva Zlateva, "Romanian Folkloric Influences on George Enescu's Artistic and Musical Development as Exemplified by His Third Violin Sonata", DMA thesis (Austin: The University of Texas at Austin, 2003), 16
History
The two Romanian Rhapsodies were composed in Paris, and premiered together in a concert at the Romanian Athenaeum in Bucharest which also included the world premiere of Enescu's First Suite for Orchestra, Op. 9 (1903). The composer conducted all three of his own works, which were preceded on the programme by Berlioz's Overture to Les francs-juges and Schumann's Symphony No. 1, both conducted by . The concert took place on 23 February 1903Mircea Voicana, Clemansa Firca, Alfred Hoffman, Elena Zottoviceanu, in collaboration with Myriam Marbe, Stefan Niculescu, and Adrian Ratiu, George Enescu: Monografie, 2 vols. (Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, 1971), 1:277. (according to the Julian calendar in use in Romania at that time; 8 March 1903 Gregorian).Nicolas Slonimsky, Laura Kuhn, and Dennis McIntire, "Enesco, Georges (real name, George Enescu)", Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, 6 vols., edited by Nicolas Slonimsky and Laura Kuhn, 2:1020–21 (New York: Schirmer, 2001) . Cited in full with permission at Legendary Violinists. The Second Rhapsody was played first, and Enescu maintained this order of performance throughout his life.alldownloadlinks
Rhapsody No. 1 in A major The Rhapsody No. 1 in A major is dedicated to the composer and pedagogue (a fellow student with Enescu in André Gedalge's counterpoint class at the Conservatoire), and is the better known of the two rhapsodies. The essence of this rhapsody is the dance. Enescu claimed that it was "just a few tunes thrown together without thinking about it", but his surviving sketches show that he carefully worked out the order in which the melodies should appear, and the best instrumental setting for each one. It was completed on 14 August 1901, when Enescu was still only 19 years old.Brooklyn Symphony Orchestra
According to the published score, the instrumentation is: 3 flutes (3rd doubling piccolo), 2 oboes, cor anglais, 2 clarinets in A, 2 bassoons, 4 horns, 2 trumpets in C, 2 cornets in A, 3 trombones, tuba, 3 timpani, triangle, snare drum, cymbals, 2 harps, violins I & II, violas, violoncellos, contrabasses.Georges Enesco, 1re Rhapsodie Roumaine (La Majeur), Op. 11, Nº1 (Paris: Enoch & Cie Editeurs, ).
The First Rhapsody is ebullient and outgoing. It begins by quoting the folk song "Am un leu şi vreau să-l beau" (variously translated as "I want to spend my money on drink", "I have a coin, and I want a drink", "I want to spend my shilling on drink", or, more literally, "I have a leu and I want to drink it"), which is played by oboes and clarinets. The tune was played by the Romani violinist Lae Chioru (Nicolae Filip), from whom Enescu had his first violin lessons at the age of 4,Maria Zlateva Zlateva, "Romanian Folkloric Influences on George Enescu's Artistic and Musical Development as Exemplified by His Third Violin Sonata", DMA thesis (Austin: The University of Texas at Austin, 2003), 9. but there is some doubt whether Enescu actually remembered it from Chioru, since the tune had been in circulation in various collections printed as early as 1848 (alternative spelling: "Am un leu şi vreau să-l beu"), which Enescu could have consulted.Mircea Voicana, Clemansa Firca, Alfred Hoffman, Elena Zottoviceanu, in collaboration with Myriam Marbe, Stefan Niculescu, and Adrian Ratiu, George Enescu: Monografie, 2 vols. (Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, 1971), 1:44–45. This is soon replaced with a slower melody first introduced in the violins. As the work progresses, this tune grows faster and livelier to climax in a vibrant whirling folk dance, which quotes heavily from the melody from "Ciocârlia" ("The skylark"), a folk tune allegedly composed by the Romani composer Angheluș Dinicu.
It is worth noting that Enescu may have derived some musical inspiration for the First Rhapsody from the Phanariot Greek upper classes of Romania, whose ancestry was in Constantinople [today's Istanbul] and whose musical traditions include the popular song Karotsieris ["Καροτσερι τραβα]," which originated in the Tatavla district of the metropolis. Apart from the that, Enescu used two other themes that were also popular in the Greek repertoire: that of the song “Karmaniola” (known as “I flogeri sou i matia” or “San apothano”) and that of the song “Vlacha xakousti”.
Enescu conducted the First Rhapsody at what proved to be his New York farewell concert with members of the New York Philharmonic on 21 January 1950.classical-composers.org The concert was billed as a commemoration of his 60th year as an artist, and in it he appeared as violinist together with Yehudi Menuhin in Bach's Concerto for Two Violins, as pianist in his own Sonata No. 3 for Violin and Piano (also with Menuhin), and as conductor of his Suite No. 2 for Orchestra, Op. 20, and the Rhapsody, which concluded the programme.C. H. 1950. "60 Years as Artist Marked by Enesco: Rumanian Musician Appears in Concert as Violinist, Pianist, Conductor, and Composer". New York Times (22 January): 67.
Rhapsody No. 2 in D major The Second Rhapsody, like the first, was completed in 1901,Noel Malcolm, "Enescu, George [Enesco, Georges]", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001). but is more inward and reflective. Its essential character is not dance, but song. It is based on the popular 19th-century ballad "Pe o stîncă neagră, într-un vechi castel" ("On a dark rock, in an old castle") which, like the opening melody of the First Rhapsody Enescu may have learned from the lăutar Chioru,Maria Zlateva Zlateva, "Romanian Folkloric Influences on George Enescu's Artistic and Musical Development as Exemplified by His Third Violin Sonata", DMA thesis (Austin: The University of Texas at Austin, 2003), 17. though again there is some doubt whether Enescu actually remembered it from Chioru. After a development culminating in a canonic presentation, this theme is joined by a dance tune, "Sîrba lui Pompieru" ("Sîrba of the Fireman"), followed shortly afterward by the second half of a folksong, "Văleu, lupu mă mănîncă" ("Aiee, I'm being devoured by a wolf!"), which is treated in canon.Mircea Voicana, Clemansa Firca, Alfred Hoffman, Elena Zottoviceanu, in collaboration with Myriam Marbe, Stefan Niculescu, and Adrian Ratiu, George Enescu: Monografie, 2 vols. (Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, 1971), 1:283. Toward the end there is a brief moment of animation, bringing to mind the spirit of country lăutari, but the work ends quietly."Romanian Rhapsody No. 2 in D Major", The Kennedy Center (archive from 30 September 2012, retrieved 18 April 2017)
Unlike the First Rhapsody, there is no controversy at all about the scoring of the Second, which is given in the published score as: 3 flutes, 2 oboes, cor anglais, 2 clarinets in A, 2 bassoons, 4 horns, 2 trumpets in C, 3 trombones, 2 timpani, cymbal, 2 harps, first violins, second violins, violas, cellos, and double basses.Georges Enesco, 2e rhapsodie roumaine: (ré majeur) (Paris: Enoch & Cie, ).
Third Rhapsody At the New York World's Fair, on 8 May 1939 Enescu conducted a programme of Romanian compositions, which included his Second Romanian Rhapsody. The anonymous programme note stated:
Although subsequent sources have occasionally referred to this "Third Rhapsody", it does not appear ever to have existed.
Legacy
For all their popularity, the two Romanian Rhapsodies proved to be "an albatross round Enescu's neck: later in his life he bitterly resented the way they had dominated and narrowed his reputation as a composer".Noel Malcolm, "Enescu, George [Enesco, Georges]", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001). Quoted without acknowledgment at The George Enescu Society of the United States. He himself recorded each of the rhapsodies three times, but he viewed requests for yet more recordings as "un grosse affaire commerciale".Music Web International
Both rhapsodies have received dozens of recordings by other conductors and orchestras.
References
Further reading Chiriac, Mircea. 1958. "Rapsodiile române de George Enescu". Muzica 8, no. 7 (July): 21–28. Haslmayr, Harald. 2007. "Erinnerung und Landschaft im Werk von George Enescu". In Resonanzen: Vom Erinnern in der Musik, edited by Andreas Dorschel, 185–96. Studien zur Wertungsforschung 47. Vienna, London, and New York: Universal Edition. . Malcolm, Noel. 1990. George Enescu. His Life and Music, with a preface by Sir Yehudi Menuhin. London: Toccata Press. . Roșca, Mihaela-Silvia. 2004. Rapsodiile române de George Enescu: considerații analitice asupra semnificaţiei limbajului componistic enescian. Iași: Ed. Opera Magna. .