In 2019, the total energy production in Indonesia is 450.79 million tonnes of oil equivalent, with a total primary energy supply of 231.14 million tonnes of oil equivalent and electricity final consumption of 263.32 terawatt-hours. From 2000 to 2021, Indonesia's total energy supply increased by nearly 60%.
Energy use in Indonesia has been long dominated by fossil resources. Once a major oil exporter that joined OPEC in 1962, the country has since become a net oil importer despite still being in OPEC until 2008 and for a short time in 2016, making it the only net oil importer member in the organization. Indonesia is also one of the world's largest coal producers and exporters. In 2024, it was the world's third-largest coal producer, with output increasing to 836 million tonnes. In the same year, Indonesia remained the world's largest coal exporter, exporting 555 million tonnes of coal, primarily thermal coal. Indonesia's coal reserves reached 31.95 billion tonnes in 2024, according to data from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. In addition, Indonesia has abundant renewable energy potential of 417,8 gigawatt (GW), including solar, wind, hydro, geothermal energy, ocean current, and bioenergy, although only 2,5% have been utilized. Furthermore, Indonesia along with Malaysia, have two-thirds of ASEAN's gas reserves with a total annual gas production of more than 200 billion cubic meters in 2016.
The Government of Indonesia has outlined several commitments to increase clean energy use and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, among other things by issuing the National Energy General Plan (RUEN) in 2017 and joining the Paris Agreement. In the RUEN, Indonesia targets New and Renewable Energy to reach 23% of the total energy mix by 2025 and 31% by 2050. The country also commits to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 29% by 2030 against a business-as-usual baseline scenario, and up to 41% by international support. It also has committed to phasing out coal power by 2040s, although numerous challenges remain
Some major renewable projects in Indonesia include the 75 MW wind farm in Sidenreng Rappang Regency, another 72 MW wind farm in Jeneponto Regency, and the Cirata Floating Solar Power Plant in West Java with a capacity of 145 MW which will become the largest Floating Solar Power Plant in Southeast Asia.
Overview + Energy in IndonesiaIEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics 2015 , 2014 2012R as in November 2015 + 2012 as in March 2014 is comparable to previous years statistical calculation criteria, 2013 , 2012 , 2011 , 2010 , 2009 , 2006 IEA October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15 Population (million) Primary energy (TWh) Production (TWh) Export (TWh) Electricity (TWh) CO2-emission (Mt) 2004 217.6 2,024 3,001 973 104 336 2007 225.6 2,217 3,851 1,623 127 377 2008 228.3 2,311 4,035 1,714 134 385 2009 230.0 2,349 4,092 1,787 140 376 2010 239.9 2,417 4,436 2,007 154 411 2012 242.3 2,431 4,589 2,149 166 426 2012R 246.9 2,484 5,120 2,631 181 435 2013 250.0 2,485 5,350 2,858 198 425 Change 2004-10 10.2% 19.4% 48% 106% 48% 22% Mtoe = 11.63 TWh 2012R = calculation criteria changed, numbers updated
According to the IEA, energy production increased 34% and export 76% from 2004 to 2008 in Indonesia. In 2017, Indonesia had 52,859 MW of installed electrical capacity, 36,892 MW of which were on the Java–Bali grid. In 2022, Indonesia had an electrical capacity of 81.2 GW with a projected capacity of 85.1 GW for 2023.
In 2021, Indonesia's total energy supply (TES) comprised 30.3% coal, 28.9% oil, and 14.4% natural gas. Renewable energy sources also added to the mix, with biofuels and waste accounting for 13.8%, wind and solar providing 11.6%, and hydro contributing 0.9%.
Energy by sources Fossil fuel energy sources
Coal
Oil
Oil is a major sector in the Indonesian economy. During the 1980s, Indonesia was a significant oil-exporting country. Since 2000, domestic consumption has continued to rise while production has been falling, so in recent years Indonesia has begun importing increasing amounts of oil. Within Indonesia, there are considerable amounts of oil in Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and West Papua Province. There are said to be around 60 basins across the country, only 22 of which have been explored and exploited. Main oil fields in Indonesia include the following:
Minas. The Minas field, in Riau, Sumatra, operated by the US-based firm Chevron Pacific Indonesia, is the largest oil block in Indonesia.For some details of Chevron's operations in Indonesia, see the Chevron official Indonesia Fact Sheet . Output from the field is around 20-25% of current annual oil production in Indonesia. Duri. The Duri field, in Bengkalis Regency, Riau, Sumatra, is operated by the US-based firm Chevron Pacific Indonesia. Rokan. The Rokan field, Riau, Sumatra, operated by Chevron Pacific Indonesia, is a recently developed large field in the Rokan Hilir Regency. Cepu. The Cepu field, operated by Mobil Cepu Ltd which is a subsidiary of US-based ExxonMobil, is on the border of Central and East Java near the town of Tuban. The field was discovered in March 2001 and is estimated to have proven reserves of 600 million barrels of oil and 1.7 trillion cu feet of gas. Development of the field has been subject to on-going discussions between the operators and the Indonesian government. Output is forecast to rise from around 20,000 bpd in early 2012 to around 165,000 bpd in late 2014. +Oil Production 2011-2023 (kb/d)2011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023952917871847838873837808781742692647641
Gas
Indonesia's proved natural gas reserves stood at 49.7 trillion cubic feet in 2021. There is growing recognition in Indonesia that the gas sector has considerable development potential. The Indonesian government is increasingly prioritizing investment in natural gas. However, in practice, investors, especially foreign investors, have been reluctant to invest because many of the problems that are holding back investment in the oil sector also affect investment in gas. +Natural gas Production 2011-2023 (billion cubic metres)201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202382.778.377.676.476.275.172.772.867.659.559.362.864.3 As of mid-2013, the main potential gas fields in Indonesia were believed to include the following:
Mahakam. The Mahakam block in East Kalimantan, under the management of Total E&P Indonesie with participation from the Japanese oil and gas firm Inpex, produces around 30% of Indonesia's natural gas output. In mid 2013 the field was reported to be producing around per day of gas as well as of condensate. At the time discussions were underway about the details of the future management of the block involving a proposal that Pertamina take over all or part of the management of the block. In October 2013 it was reported that Total E&P Indonesie had announced that it would stop exploration for new projects at the field. In 2015, the Energy and Resources Minister issued a regulation stipulating that the management of the block would be transferred from Total E&P Indonesie and Inpex, which had managed the field for over 50 years since 1966, to Pertamina. In late 2017, it was announced that Pertamina Hulu Indonesia, a subsidiary of Pertamina, would take over management of the block on 1 January 2018. Tangguh. The Tangguh field in Bintuni Bay in West Papua Province operated by BP (British Petroleum) is estimated to have proven gas reserves of . It is hoped that annual output of the field in the near future might reach 7.6 million tons of liquefied natural gas. Arun. The Arun field in Aceh has been operated by ExxonMobil since the 1970s. The reserves at the field are now largely depleted so production is gradually being phased out. At its peak, the Arun field produced around of gas per day (1994) and about 130,000 of condensate per day (1989). ExxonMobil affiliates also operate the nearby South Lhoksukon A and D fields as well as the North Sumatra offshore gas field.See the Aceh Production Operations of ExxonMobil In September 2015, ExxonMobil Indonesia sold its assets in Aceh to Pertamina. The sale included the divestment by ExxonMobil of its assets (100%) in the North Sumatra Offshore block, its interests (100%) in B block, and its stake (30%) in the PT Arun Natural Gas Liquefaction (NGL) plant. Following the completion of the deal, Pertamina will have an 85% stake in the Arun NGL plant. East Natuna. The East Natuna gas field (formerly known as Natuna D-Alpha) in the Natuna Islands in the South China Sea is believed to be one of the biggest gas reserves in Southeast Asia. It is estimated to have proven reserves of of gas. The aim is to begin expanded production in 2020 with production rising to sustained for perhaps 20 years. Banyu Urip. The Banyu Urip field, a major Indonesian gas field, is in the Cepu block in Bojonegoro Regency in East Java. Interests in the block are held by Pertamina (45%) through its subsidiary PT Pertamina EP Cepu and ExxonMobil Cepu Limited (45%) which is a subsidiary of ExxonMobil Corporation. ExxonMobil is the operator of the block. Masela. The Masela field, currently (early 2016) under consideration for development by the Indonesian Government, is situated to the east of Timor Island, roughly halfway between Timor and Darwin in Australia. The main investors in the field are currently (early 2016) Inpex and Shell who hold stakes of 65% and 35% respectively. The field, if developed, is likely to become the biggest deepwater gas project in Indonesia, involving an estimated investment of between $14–19 billion. Over of gas are said to exist in the block. However, development of the field is being delayed over uncertainty as to whether the field might be operated through an offshore or onshore processing facility. In March 2016, after a row between his ministers, President Jokowi decreed that the processing facility should be onshore. This change of plans will cause greatly increased costs and will delay the start of the project. It was proposed that the investors submit revised Plans of Development (POD) to the Indonesian Government. See also List of gas fields in Indonesia.
Shale There is potential for tight oil and shale gas in northern Sumatra and eastern Kalimantan.Data are scarce. According to a 2014 study which made reference to Indonesia, "Shale gas resources [in Indonesia] might be substantial, but have been subjected to scant independent scrutiny." See Michael M.D Ross, 'Diversification of Energy Supply: Prospects for Emerging Snergy Sources' , ADB Economics Working Paper Series, No 403, 2014, p. 8. There is an estimated of shale gas and of shale oil which could be recovered with existing technologies. Pertamina has taken the lead in using hydraulic fracturing to explore for shale gas in northern Sumatra. Chevron Pacific Indonesia and NuEnergy Gas are also pioneers in using fracking in existing oil fields and in new exploration. Environmental concerns and a government-imposed cap on oil prices present barriers to full development of the substantial shale deposits in the country. Sulawesi, Seram, Buru, Papua in eastern Indonesia have shales that were deposited in marine environments which may be more brittle and thus more suitable for fracking than the source rocks in western Indonesia which have higher clay content.
Coal bed methane With of coal bed methane (CBM) reserve mainly in Kalimantan and Sumatra, Indonesia has potential to redraft its energy charts as United States with its shale gas. With low enthusiasm to develop CBM project, partly in relation to environmental concern regarding emissions of greenhouse gases and contamination of water in the extraction process, the government targeted per day at standard pressure for 2015.
Renewable energy sources