Jagmal Raja Chauhan (1887–1974), better known as Rai Bahadur Jagmal Raja, was a noted railway contractor, industrialist, miner, private banker, aviation pioneer and philanthropist of India.
Early life
He was born in 1887 in a small village named Nagher, in Kutch and belonged to the KGK community.Jagmal Raja, Rai Bahadur, Land-lord, Industrialist and Contractor. Born and educated at Nagher, a village in Cutch. He joined his father's business of Railway Contracts on the Railway at an early age. He also owns valuable landed property in Allehabad, a Colliery in Jharia, the Bombay Glass Works at Matunga and at Gujarat. In recognition of his services to Indian Industries, he was created a Rai Bahadur in 1924. Modern Bombay and Indian states by T. Peters, Who's Who Publishers (India), 1942, page 250Jagmal Raja Rai Bahadur Life sketch Modern Bombay and her patriotic citizens Who's Who Publishers (India), 1941 Page 250. He left schooling early and joined his father's business of railway contractor at an early age of twelve only. He carried on his father's legacy to become a reputed and noted railway contractor of British India.Who's who in India, Burma & Ceylon, 1941
Builder, railways contractor, engineer and architect
Railway contracts for railways and bridges
His father Raja Narayan Chauhan was also a noted railway contractor. Raja Narayan of Nagor with Mulji Meghji Chauhan also of Nagor in 1903 together built bridge over Yamuna river at Agra. Jagmal Raja Chauhan carried on father's legacy, who joined him at an early age of twelve to get practical knowledge of building bridges and laying rail lines.
Raja Narayan Chauhan of Nagor father of Rai Bahadaur Jagmal Raja was contemporary of other noted railway contracotrs from his community like Khoda Ramji, all of whom worked in a syndicate and in 1903 while Raja Narain was building bidge over Yauma at Allahbad, Khora Ramji had contract of building railway bridge over Ganges at Allahabd.
Some of thw railway contract works done by Raja Narain and Jagmal Raja are : in 1904 – railway track from Bulandshahr to Hapur, 1904– Shahdara to Saharanpur, 1906 – Aligarh Station, in 1906 – Balamau to Sitapur, 1908 – Allahabad, the Ganges Railway Bridge construction, 1911 – Allahabad, the Yamuna Bridge doubling, 1912 – Kanpur to Banda including the bridge near Hamirpur over Yamuna river, 1913 – Hooghly- Katwa section, 1913 – Jabalpur Gun Carriage siding, 1914 – the Mughalsarai railway yard extension, 1915 – Gaya – Katras doubling, 1916 – Gaya yard extension, 1922 – the Dhanbad railway yard extension, 1924 – Calcutta, the Kidderpore Docks extension, 1925 – Dehri on Sone bridge, 1927– doubling of the Bridge over Son River near Arrah, 1927 – Allahabad, the Yamuna bridge re-girding (in 1911 he had done doubling of same bridge), 1926–32 – Bally Bridge, 1932 Dankuni to Dum Dum for Calcutta Chord Railway
In 1926, Rai Bahadur Jagmal Raja started construction of the Bally Bridge in Calcutta, which he completed in 1932. In all the railway contracts done by him, his partners and sub-contractors were railway contractors from his own community – Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya. The Bally Bridge was named Willingdon Bridge after Viceroy of India, The Marquess of Willingdon, who inaugurated it. The British acknowledged the feat of Jagmal Raja, by naming the first train that ran across Willingdon Bridge as Jagmal Raja Howrah Express. The name plates mentioning Erection & Caissoning done by Rai Bahadur Jagmal Raja, Allahabad, can still be seen riveted on each girder of Bally Bridge.
Contractor for docks
Further, in 1924 the extension of Calcutta Port Trust at Khiddirpore in Calcutta was made by building a new dock named the "King George Dockyard", which was done by Rai Bahadur Jagmal Raja Chauhan with Bhimjee Pancha Chauhan & Mavji Punja Chauhan, all from Nagor. This work was completed in 1927. The dock has now been renamed as "Netaji Subhas Docks".
Architect and builder Maharao Shri Khengarji III of Cutch used to stay in hotels when he visited Bombay. Jagmal Raja, who was close friend of the king and once ADC to him, did not like this. He impressed upon the king that a ruler like him should have a personal mansion in the city. The Rao entrusted the job to build the mansion to Jagmal Raja, who personally built Cutch Castle in the 1920s in Bombay.
Again, Jagmal Raja Chauhan was one of the persons involved in supervision and construction of Vijay Vilas Palace, built during the years 1920–1929, in which many artisans of Mistri community of Cutch worked along with other artisans and craftsman from Rajasthan, Bengal and Saurashtra.
In 1932 upon completion of Bally Bridge, Jagmal Raja was recommended by the Viceroy of India to the King of Nepal, who needed a contractor of repute to do renovation and rehabilitation of his royal palaces and temples. He was given the contract for the same and Parbat Harji Chauhan, Karaman Devji Chauhan both of Kukma and Manji Shivjee of Madhapar were delegated by Jagmal Raja as main supervisor and completed the work. A team of 200 artisans was sent from Kutch to do this massive job.Kutch Darpan (Gujarati Magazine published from Vadodara) August 2009 issue (article on Jagmal Raja Chauhan)
He was also involved in construction and erection Darya Mahal, the second monumental residence of Maharao Khengarji III of Cutch, which was commissioned in 1940. Maharao advised Jagmal Raja to oversee the construction but as he was too busy in his other business ventures, he declined to take complete responsibility, however, he sent a team of expert Mistri artisans from Kutch, who worked with other architects appointed by the king.
Further, he also built his personal residential palace at M.G Road in Allahabad in the decades of 1920, which was spread in acres and built like a royal palace, as a replica of Prag Mahal of Bhuj. Remnants of his palace can still be seen in the city.
Industrialist
Glass and ceramics Chauhan, a pioneer in the glass and ceramic industry of India, founded the Allahabad Glass FactoryAllahabad Glass Works Private Limited, Jagmal Raja & Sons Private Limited and the Naini Glass Works, both located at Naini, in 1912. In 1919, his glass factory at Naini was visited by Sir Harcort Butler, the Lieutenant Governor of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. Later he established another glass factory named the Bombay Glass Works at Bombay in 1930 and one more named Raja Glass Works at Sodepur near Calcutta in 1932. In 1941, he was conferred a Fellowship by the Society of Glass Technology, London, for his contributions to the global glass and ceramic industry. Others conferred fellowship with him were John Northwood of England and Pandit Vishnu Datta of India.The honorary general secretary announced that the council had conferred Fellowship on Mr John Northwood, Pandit Vishnu Datta and Rai Bahadur Jagmal Raja Journal of the Society of Glass Technology, Volume 32 Page 4.
He also started a Sanitary ware factory in year 1932 at Derol named Gujarat Pottery Works and owned tiles factory, fire clay factory.Gujarat State Gazetteers: Panchmahals - Page 339, 1972Records of the Geological Survey of India - page 528, 1954.
Pharmaceuticals He was Chairman of Zandu Pharmaceutical for several years.
Airline and navigation
Jagmal Raja was one of the promoters with other Gujarati businessman of Bombay - Haridas Madhavdas, Vijaysinh Govindji and Vithaldas Kanji of a shipping company named Shri Ambica Steam Navigation Company, which was founded in 1945,Our seafaring in the Indian Ocean by Odayamadath Kunjappa Nambiar, 1975 It operated in the western coast of India an had its head office in Bombay.
In 1947, Chauhan and his partners also an airline company named Ambica Airlines, which was a subsidiary of Ambica Steam Navigation Company,Ambica Airlines Legal : Jagmal Raja v/s CrownAmbica Airlines which operated on Bombay – Bhuj – Rajkot – Jamnagar – Morvi and Bombay – Baroda – Ahmedabad air routes. The Ambica Airlines closed in 1949 due to insufficient traffic and litigation.
Coal mines
Like many members of the Mistri community of Kutch, to which Chauhan belonged, he owned a coal mine named Rajapur Colliery near Jharia, which he held in partnership with Manji Jeram Rathod of Madhapar.Jagmal Raja Rai Bahadur (Rajapore Colliery) Jharia Indian export directory: with foreign section, Volume 4, 1965. Colliries and Coal Merchants Page 19 and 48 He entered into coal mining business purchasing the mines in 1913 from one Gujarati miner, Bhawan Kara of Balambha. His partner in coal mines, Manji Jeram died in 1954, however, he carried on his mining business till 1970, when he sold his mine just one year before nationalisation of coal mines in India.
Silica mines He owned silica mines at Bargad in Shankargarh, the produce of which was used by the glass factories owned by him.
Bus transport In 1945, Cutch State started its own passenger bus service. Jagmal Raja was quick to capitalise on this opportunity and took on contract the Bhuj- Anjar – Mundra bus route, which he operated till 1948, when Cutch merged into Union of India.
Banker He worked as a private banker from Jharia with his trusted partner from his own community, Manji Jeram Rathod of Madhapar, and used to give loans and funding, especially for coal mining businesses. `
Insurance He was also one of the promoters and directors of an insurance company named Indian Globe Insurance Company, started in 1929,INDIAN GLOBE INSURANCE COMPANY LIMITED and he also owned a finance company.
Paper Mills and other ventures Among his other industrial ventures was a paper board factory at Dahanu named Dahanu Straw Boards, an aromatics unit named Hindustan Aromatics, ice factory, cold storage and export businesses. He also ventured into the packaged food and pickle export businesses.
Personal life
He had residence, offices and factories in Allahabad and Bombay and his personal mansions in both cities.Diary of Golden Days at Jharia – A Memoir & History of Gurjar Kashtriya community of Kutch in Coalfields of Jharia – written by Natwarlal Devram Jethwa of Calcutta compiled by Raja Pawan Jethwa (1998).
He shared personal friendship with Maharao of Cutch, Khengarji III and was personal aide-de-camp (ADC) to him in the Coronation ceremony of King George VI in 1937. He was the only person from any community of Kutch, who had the privilege of being ADC to Maharao Khengarji III. Sir Maharao Khengarji, as a mark of their friendship, honored Jagmal Raja, by his presence, when Degree of Engineering was conferred upon him in London. He was among few persons, who was given permission by Khengarji III to hold a car in Cutch State.
Apart from the Maharao of Cutch, he held friendly relations with Viceroy Lord Irwin, Raja of Shankargarh, Jam of Rajkot, Jam Sahib of Jamnagar, the Ranas of Nepal and the Raja of Rewa, and with several big zamindars of the United Province.
He built numerous railway lines and railway bridges and was pioneer in glass and the ceramic industry of India and also due to his philanthropic activities, he was given title of Rao Bahadur in 1924 at a function held in Shimla, the Summer Capital of British India by the-Viceroy of India, The Earl of Reading. His construction of Bally Bridge was noted.Willingdon Bridge, Calcutta. The work was carried out by Rai Bahadur Jagmal Raja, Assoc. Inst. CE Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 235, Part 1. Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain) 1934. Pagw 83. Although, he had studied up to fifth standard in his native village (Nagor), he had the distinction of being conferred with Degree of AEIE (UK) on recommendation of Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin.Rai Bahadur Jagmal Raja, E, 1931 Journal of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 12, 1939.