This is a list of monarchs who ruled Egypt in the Middle Ages (640–1517). Egypt was ruled by Arab dynasties between 640 and 868. Between 868 and 1517, Egypt shifted towards local military rule, with Cairo serving as the capital. Below is the list of rulers of medieval Egypt.
Rashidun Caliphate (640–661)
#Governor (Amir) Start End Period Caliph Fate 1 Amr ibn al-As 640 646 6 years Umar and Uthman 'Conquer of Egypt', Secluded by Uthman Ibn Affan 2 Abdallah ibn Sa'ad 646 656 10 years Uthman Overthrown by Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa 3 Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa 656 657 1 year Uthman and Ali Killed 4 Qays ibn Sa'd 657 657 6 months Ali Secluded 5 Malik al-Ashtar 657 657 1 day Died before reaching Al-Fustat 6 Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr 658 658 5 months Killed - Amr ibn al-As July 658 January 664 6 years None (see First Fitna) He seized the control of Egypt after the death of incumbent Caliphal governor Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr during First Fitna, Died in office
Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)
Dates taken from John Stewart's African States and Rulers (2005). # Governor (Wali) Start End Caliph Comments 1 Amr ibn al-As 661 January 664 Mu'awiya-Amr's arrangement As per his agreement with Mu'awiya, Amr was installed as governor of Egypt for life and ruled as a virtual partner rather than a subordinate of Mu'awiya, who had become caliph after Ali's assassination and his son al-Hasan's abdication in 661. Died in office 2 Abd Allah ibn Amr January 664 February 664 Muawiya I Resign 3 Utba ibn Abi Sufyan February 664 665 Brother of Mu'awiya I. Died 4 Uqba ibn Amir 665 20 May 667 Muleteer of Muhammad. Unseated 5 Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari 20 May 667 9 April 682 Muawiya IYazid I Leading Umayyad partisan in Egypt. Died in office 6 Muhammad ibn Maslama 9 April 682 14 May 682 Yazid I - 7 Sa'id ibn Yazid ibn Alqama al-Azdi 14 May 682 April 684 Yazid IMuawiya II Unseated 8 Abd al-Rahman ibn Utba al-Fihri April 684 11 February 685 Muawiya IIAbd al-Malik Appointed by Ibn al-Zubayr 9 Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam 11 February 685 1 July 703 Abd al-Malik Died in office 10 Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam 1 July 703 30 January 709 Abd al-MalikAl-Walid I Unseated 11 Qurra ibn Sharik al-Absi 30 January 709 14 November 714 Al-Walid I Died in office 12 Abd al-Malik ibn Rifa'a al-Fahmi 14 November 714 November 717 Al-Walid ISulaymanUmar II Unseated 13 Ayyub ibn Sharhabil November 717 1 April 720 Umar IIYazid II - 14 Bishr ibn Safwan al-Kalbi 1 April 720 May 721 Yazid II Became the governor of Ifriqiya 15 Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi May 721 724 Yazid IIHisham Unseated 16 Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan 724 2 May 724Hisham Resigned after witnessing an epidemic 17 Al-Hurr ibn Yusuf 2 May 724 27 April 727 Unseated. Egypt under the de facto rule of Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab. 18 Hafs ibn al-Walid ibn Yusuf al-Hadrami 27 April 727 16 May 727 Unseated. Egypt under the de facto rule of Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab. - Abd al-Malik ibn Rifa'a al-Fahmi(Second Term) 16 May 727 30 May 727 Died in office. Egypt under the de facto rule of Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab. 19 Al-Walid ibn Rifa'a al-Fahmi 30 May 727 July 735 Died in office. Egypt under the de facto rule of Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab. 20 Abd al-Rahman ibn Khalid al-Fahmi July 735 12 January 737 Unseated - Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi(Second Term) 12 January 737 2 July 742 Became the Wali of Africa 21 Hafs ibn al-Walid ibn Yusuf al-Hadrami 2 July 742 21 March 745 HishamAl-Walid IIYazid IIIIbrahimMarwan II Resigned 22 Hassan ibn Atahiya 21 March 745 7 April 745Marwan II Ran away after opposition by the Hafsiya - Hafs ibn al-Walid ibn Yusuf al-Hadrami(Second Term) 7 April 745 4 October 745 Installed by the Hafsiya, surrendered to his successor without a fight 23 al-Hawthala ibn Suhayl al-Bahili 4 October 745 19 March 749 Unseated 24 Al-Mughira ibn Ubaydallah al-Fazari 19 March 749 March 750 Died 25 Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn Musa ibn Nusayr March 750 9 August 750 Unseated by the Abbasids
Abbasid Caliphate (750–969)
Governors during the first Abbasid period (750–868) Dates taken from John Stewart's African States and Rulers (2005). # Governor (Wali except where noted) Start End Caliph Fate 1 Salih ibn Ali ibn Abdallah ibn al-Abbas 9 August 750 2 April 751As-Saffah Became the wali of Palestine 2 Abu Awn Abd al-Malik ibn Yazid 2 April 751 27 October 753 Ran away after an epidemic - Salih ibn Ali ibn Abdallah ibn al-Abbas(Second Term) 27 October 753 21 February 755 As-SaffahAl-Mansur Unseated - Abu Awn Abd al-Malik ibn Yazid(Second Term) 21 February 755 26 August 758 Al-MansurAl-Mahdi Unseated 3 Musa ibn Ka'b al-Tamimi 26 August 758 28 April 759Al-Mahdi Died 4 Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Khuza'i 28 April 759 18 December 760 Unseated 5 Humayd ibn Qahtaba 18 December 760 14 February 762 Unseated 6 Yazid ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi 14 February 762 30 April 769 Unseated 7 Abdallah ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'awiya ibn Hudayj al-Tujibi 30 April 769 February 772 Died 8 Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'awiya ibn Hudayj al-Tujibi February 772 18 September 772 Died 9 Musa ibn Ali ibn Rabah al-Lakhmi 18 September 772 14 September 778 Unseated 10 Isa ibn Luqman al-Jumahi 14 September 778 18 March 779 Unseated 11 Wadih al-Maskin 18 March 779 1 June 779 Unseated 12 Mansur ibn Yazid ibn Mansur 1 June 779 August 779 Unseated 13 Yahya ibn Sa'id al-Harashi August 779 15 September 780 Unseated 14 Salim ibn Sawada al-Tamimi 15 September 780 6 September 781 Unseated 15 Ibrahim ibn Salih ibn Abdallah ibn al-Abbas 6 September 781 1 July 784 Unseated 16 Musa ibn Mus'ab al-Khath'ami 1 July 784 10 July 785 Killed 17 Asama ibn Amr 10 July 785 11 August 785 Al-MahdiAl-Hadi Unseated 18 al-Fadl ibn Salih ibn Ali al-Abbasi 11 August 785 April 786 Al-Hadi Unseated 19 Ali ibn Sulayman al-Abbasi April 786 15 September 787 Al-HadiHarun al-Rashid Unseated by the new Abbasid wali 20 Musa ibn Isa ibn Musa al-Abbasi 15 September 787 15 February 789Harun al-Rashid Unseated 21 Maslama ibn Yahya al-Bajali 15 February 789 28 December 789 Unseated 22 Muhammad ibn Zuhayr al-Azdi 28 December 789 2 June 790 Unseated 23 Dawud ibn Yazid ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi 2 June 790 15 June 791 Unseated - Musa ibn Isa ibn Musa al-Abbasi(Second Term) 15 June 791 June 792 Unseated 24 Ibrahim ibn Salih ibn Abdallah ibn al-Abbas June 792 1 January 793 Died 25 Abdallah ibn al-Musayyab ibn Zuhayr al-Dabbi 1 January 793 12 October 793 Unseated 26 Ishaq ibn Sulayman 12 October 793 1 November 794 Unseated 27 Harthama ibn A'yan 1 November 794 9 January 795 Became the wali of Ifriqiya 28 Abd al-Malik ibn Salih 9 January 795 27 March 796 Unseated - Abdallah ibn al-Musayyab ibn Zuhayr al-Dabbi(Second Term)(Deputy to Abd al-Malik ibn Salih) 795 795 - 29 Ubaydallah ibn al-Mahdi al-Abbasi 27 March 796 2 November 796 Unseated - Musa ibn Isa ibn Musa al-Abbasi(Third Term) 2 November 796 17 August 797 Unseated - Ubaydallah ibn al-Mahdi al-Abbasi(Second Term) 17 August 797 2 November 797 Unseated 30 Isma'il ibn Salih ibn Ali al-Abbasi 2 November 797 4 August 798 Unseated 31 Isma'il ibn Isa al-Abbasi 4 August 798 10 December 798 Unseated 32 Al-Layth ibn al-Fadl 10 December 798 21 June 803 Unseated 33 Ahmad ibn Ismail ibn Ali ibn Abdallah al-Abbasi 21 June 803 15 September 805 Unseated 34 Abdallah ibn Muhammad al-Abbasi 15 September 805 30 July 806 Unseated 35 Al-Husayn ibn Jamil 30 July 806 24 February 808 Unseated 36 Malik ibn Dalham al-Kalbi 24 February 808 25 December 808 Unseated 37 Al-Hasan ibn al-Takhtakh 25 December 808 11 July 810 Harun al-RashidAl-Amin Unseated 38 Hatim ibn Harthamah ibn A'yan 11 July 810 25 March 811Al-Amin Unseated 39 Jabir ibn al-Ash'ath al-Ta'i 25 March 811 25 March 812 Beaten off from Egypt 40 Abbad ibn Muhammad ibn Hayyan 25 March 812 13 November 813 Al-AminAl-Ma'mun Unseated 41 Al-Muttalib ibn Abdallah al-Khuza'i 13 November 813 21 June 814Al-Ma'mun Unseated 42 Al-Abbas ibn Musa ibn Isa al-Abbasi 21 June 814 4 September 814 - - Al-Muttalib ibn Abdallah al-Khuza'i(Second Term) 4 September 814 3 April 815 Beaten off from Egypt 43 Al-Sari ibn al-Hakam 3 April 815 30 September 816 Soldiers revolted against him 44 Sulayman ibn Ghalib ibn Jibril al-Bajali 30 September 816 28 February 817 Soldiers revolted against him - Al-Sari ibn al-Hakam(Second Term) 28 February 817 10 December 820 - 45 Abu Nasr ibn al-Sari 10 December 820 7 January 822 - 46 Khalid ibn Yazid ibn Mazyad 822 822 - 47 Ubaydallah ibn al-Sari 822 17 April 826 Unseated by the new wali 48 Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani 17 April 826 December 828 Departed for Iraq ? unknown December 828 21 January 829 Acting governor 49 Isa ibn Yazid al-Juludi 21 January 829 27 January 829 Unseated 50 Umayr ibn al-Walid 27 January 829 28 April 829 Appointed by Abu Ishaq, killed in an anti-taxation rebellion ? unknown 28 April 829 June 829 Acting governor - Isa ibn Yazid al-Juludi(Second Term) June 829 830 Unseated 51 Abu Ishaq Muhammad ibn Hārūn(future Abbasid caliph Al-Mu'tasim) 830 28 February 830 - 52 Abdawayh ibn Jabalah 28 February 830 18 February 831 Unseated 53 Isa ibn Mansur al-Rafi'i 18 February 831 832 Unseated 54 Al-Ma'mun(Caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate) 832 March 832 - 55 Kaydar Nasr ibn Abdallah March 832 June 834 Al-Ma'munAl-Mu'tasim Died 56 Muzaffar ibn Kaydar June 834 9 September 834Al-Mu'tasim Unseated 57 Musa ibn Abi al-Abbas 9 September 834 12 February 839 - 58 Malik ibn Kaydar 12 February 839 5 February 841 Unseated 59 Ali ibn Yahya al-Armani 5 February 841 6 October 843 Al-Mu'tasimAl-Wathiq Unseated 60 Isa ibn Mansur al-Rafi'i 6 October 843 December 847 Al-WathiqAl-Mutawakkil Unseated ? unknown December 847 15 February 848Al-Mutawakkil Acting governor 61 Harthamah ibn al-Nadr al-Jabali 15 February 848 3 April 849 Died 62 Hatim ibn Harthamah ibn al-Nadr 3 April 849 3 May 849 Unseated - Ali ibn Yahya al-Armani(Second Term) 3 May 849 27 May 850 Unseated 63 Ishaq ibn Yahya ibn Mu'adh 27 May 850 27 May 851 Unseated 64 Khut Abd al-Wahid ibn Yahya 27 May 851 24 September 852 Unseated 65 Anbasah ibn Ishaq al-Dabbi 24 September 852 22 November 856 Unseated 66 Yazid ibn Abdallah al-Hulwani 22 November 856 13 March 867 Al-MutawakkilAl-MuntasirAl-Musta'inAl-Mu'tazz Unseated 67 Muzahim ibn Khaqan 13 March 867 7 April 868Al-Mu'tazz Died 68 Ahmad ibn Muzahim ibn Khaqan 7 April 868 June 868 Died 69 Azjur al-Turki June 868 15 September 868 Unseated
Autonomous emirs of Egypt (868–905)
Dates taken from John Stewart's African States and Rulers (2005).
# Emir Start End Fate 1 Ahmad ibn Tulun 15 September 868 20 May 884 Governor during Al-Mu'tazz and Al-Muhtadi. He became autonomous during Al-Mu'tamid's reign. Died in office 2 Khumarawayh 20 May 884 18 January 896 Murdered 3 Abu 'l-Asakir Jaysh 18 January 896 26 July 896 Unseated then died in jail in November 896 4 Harun 26 July 896 30 December 904 Murdered 5 Shayban 30 December 904 10 January 905 Surrendered to the Abbasids during Al-Muktafi's reign6Muhammad ibn Ali al-Khalanji10 January 905August 905ruled Egypt for nearly a year, then got arrested and sent to Baghdad
Governors during the second Abbasid period (905–935) Dates taken from John Stewart's African States and Rulers (2005).