The Southern California Steelhead Distinct Population Segment (DPS) occurs from the Santa Maria River to the Tijuana River at the United States and Mexican Border in seasonally accessible rivers and streams.*NOAA. “2007 Federal Recovery Outline for the Distinct Population Segment of Southern California Coast Steelhead”. p. 5,9(56) Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Southern California Steelhead DPS, much like its relatives further north, requires sufficient flows in their natal streams to be able to return from oceans and lakes to spawn. Due to the extended periods of drought throughout their range, Southern California steelhead are most commonly seen during periods of increased rainfall, such as El Niño events."San Mateo Creek Survey." Trout Unlimited California. Trout Unlimited, 2003. Web. 4 Feb 2011. <http://www.tucalifornia.org/tuca/Library-San-Mateo.html>. Declared federally endangered in 1997, the geographic range of the DPS when first listed extended from the Santa Maria River south to Malibu Creek. In 2002 steelhead were discovered in San Mateo Creek on the county line of Orange and San Diego counties. With this discovery the range of the DPS was extended to include Los Angeles, Orange, and San Diego counties.
Threats There are many threats to the survival of the Southern California Steelhead DPS. Principal threats include, but are not limited to, alteration of stream flow patterns and habitat degradation, barriers to fish passages, channel alterations, water quality problems, non-native exotic fish and plants and climate change.*NOAA. “2007 Federal Recovery Outline for the Distinct Population Segment of Southern California Coast Steelhead”. p. 20–28(56) These threats pose a serious challenge to the persistence of Southern California Steelhead, and most threats are increasing in magnitude as human population grows in Southern California.
Adequate stream flow is important to steelhead, for both returning fish as well as young fish migrating to the sea. Lowered stream flows can impede passage for fish in both directions, as fish are unable to breach sand bars that form at the mouths of rivers and streams during the summer months.*NOAA. “2007 Federal Recovery Outline for the Distinct Population Segment of Southern California Coast Steelhead”. p. 20(56) Natural flows flush fine sediment and silt and provide for better spawning surfaces for the Southern California Steelhead.*NOAA. “2007 Federal Recovery Outline for the Distinct Population Segment of Southern California Coast Steelhead”. p. 21(56) Higher flows also bring water to riparian areas, which rejuvenate vegetation that provides shade and habitat for spawning fish. This riparian habitat will also better regulate water temperatures.*NOAA. “2007 Federal Recovery Outline for the Distinct Population Segment of Southern California Coast Steelhead”. p. 20(56) Anthropogenic structures such as dams also impede passage upstream.*NOAA. “2007 Federal Recovery Outline for the Distinct Population Segment of Southern California Coast Steelhead”. p. 20(56)
Water quality is another problem that Southern California Steelhead face. Those fish that still have natal streams to return to often face degraded water quality. Steelhead eggs require clean flowing water to hatch. Sedimentation of streams from agricultural and urban runoff has the potential to smother eggs in a stream and greatly decrease the number of Steelhead surviving to return to the ocean. Urban runoff can funnel contaminants directly into streams. Runoff containing industrial or urban contaminants can directly cause fish mortality and decreased reproduction.*NOAA. “2007 Federal Recovery Outline for the Distinct Population Segment of Southern California Coast Steelhead”. p. 22(56) Point and non-point pollution sources also have similar effects. Discharges can also cause thermal stress on the fish, or can increase favorable habitat for non-native exotic species, such as Largemouth bass, carp and catfish, all of which will prey on juvenile Steelhead and eggs.*NOAA. “2007 Federal Recovery Outline for the Distinct Population Segment of Southern California Coast Steelhead”. p. 22(56) O. mykiss is used as an indicator species for water quality problems;“Whole Effluent Toxicity." United States Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 11 Feb 2011. <> therefore can be used to indicate problems in water quality.
Conservation
There are many ways to preserve important steelhead habitat. Like all steelhead, Southern California steelhead require cool, clean water and appropriate aggregate for spawning. Water management will allow for low flow streams to provide adequate water for juveniles. Water removal is creating the problem of not leaving the minimum level of flows for fish in streams.Moyle, Peter, Joshua Israel, and Sabra Purdy. "SOS: California's Native Fish Crisis." California Trout. University of California, Davis, 2008. Web. 3 Feb 2011. <http://www.caltrout.org/SOS-Californias-Native-Fish-Crisis-Final-Report.pdf>. Man-made barriers such as dams remove water from lower sections of streams and rivers as well as restrict migration upstream.
Development should be regulated near streams with plans in place for recharge of groundwater to ensure enough water to enhance survival of Steelhead during dry summer months and periods of prolonged drought. Working with local agencies and organizations such as Trout Unlimited has proved beneficial to bringing awareness to Steelhead and their preservation. Removal of invasive non-native vegetation will allow for native vegetation to better compete and provide habitat and services for degraded streams. Removal non-native fish species is another step that can be taken to improve habitat and successful spawning.
Introduced species such as Largemouth bass, sunfish, carp and catfish have been introduced into streams and native trout and are unable to compete with these voracious predators. Non-native exotics such as these are better adapted to poor water quality and are successful in streams that Southern California Steelhead occupy, increasing pressure on native trout and Steelhead species. Organizations such as TU, in partnership with California Department of Fish and Wildlife, have begun removal and assessment of non-native fish in critical streams such as San Mateo Creek."San Mateo Creek Survey." Trout Unlimited California. Trout Unlimited, 2003. Web. 4 Feb 2011. <http://www.tucalifornia.org/tuca/Library-San-Mateo.html>."San Mateo Creek Project." Trout Unlimited. Trout Unlimited, n.d. Web. 4 Feb 2011. <http://www.tucalifornia.org/TUCA_CMS/index.php?page=san-mateo-project>.
The lack of data is another potential threat. Further research is needed to fully understand this species due to small but important variations in their life histories. Southern California Steelhead depend on rain fed streams for their survival, as well as lagoon/estuary type systems that is typical for some Southern Steelhead.*NOAA. “2007 Federal Recovery Outline for the Distinct Population Segment of Southern California Coast Steelhead”. p. 12-14(56) Spawning cycles are not fully understood, and many fish will not return to streams for over five years, while some will return after only one year in an attempt to successfully spawn. By fully understanding these fish, management plans can be more precisely developed.
Southern California Steelhead is a unique species found in places not many would expect to find. They have been able to survive in extremely harsh conditions and even change life history patterns when necessary. Anthropogenic impacts are the driving cause for this species status and their decreasing numbers, but with sound planning this species has the potential to survive. It is estimated that this species will be extinct in the next fifty yearsMoyle, Peter, Joshua Israel, and Sabra Purdy. "SOS: California's Native Fish Crisis." California Trout. University of California, Davis, 2008. p.20(316) Web. 3 Feb 2011. <http://www.caltrout.org/SOS-Californias-Native-Fish-Crisis-Final-Report.pdf>. without immediate action, but what actions that must be taken is dependent on involvement of both state and local governments as well as the community.
Conservation strategies
Due to human impacts throughout its range, viable populations of Southern California steelhead have been greatly reduced, and recovery will be dependent on ensuring the success of these viable populations. Recovery will take place in the physically largest watersheds in Southern California such as the Ventura River, as well those watersheds, which may not be as large, that hold breeding populations such as San Mateo Creek.Southern California Steelhead Recovery Plan, pg. 62<http://swr.nmfs.noaa.gov/recovery/So_Cal/Southern_California_Steelhead_Public_Draft_Recovery_Plan.pdf>. These populations will be the focus of recovery efforts, and by directing resources to these Steelhead, the entire Southern California DPS will better preserved as a whole.Southern California Steelhead Recovery Plan, pg. 62.<http://swr.nmfs.noaa.gov/recovery/So_Cal/Southern_California_Steelhead_Public_Draft_Recovery_Plan.pdf>. Recovery of Southern California Steelhead will require a broad range of objectives to be met. Viable populations must be protected as well as the restoration and protection of their habitat.Southern California Steelhead Recovery Plan, pg. 47<http://swr.nmfs.noaa.gov/recovery/So_Cal/Southern_California_Steelhead_Public_Draft_Recovery_Plan.pdf>. NOAA has established six objectives for the recovery of Southern California Steelhead:
Prevent steelhead extinction by protecting existing populations and their habitats Maintain current distribution of steelhead and restore distribution to previously occupied areas Increase abundance of steelhead to viable population levels, including the expression of all life‐history forms and strategies Conserve existing genetic diversity and provide opportunities for interchange of genetic material between and within viable populations Maintain and restore suitable habitat conditions and characteristics to support all life history stages of viable populations Conduct research and monitoring necessary to refine and demonstrate attainment of recovery criteria.Southern California Steelhead Recovery Plan, pg. 48<http://swr.nmfs.noaa.gov/recovery/So_Cal/Southern_California_Steelhead_Public_Draft_Recovery_Plan.pdf>.
Meeting these objectives will have a significant impact of the future of Southern California Steelhead, and ensure successful breeding populations throughout its range.
Approximately 23 million people occupy Southern California, and recovery of this species will require the Southern California Steelhead to re-integrate into habitats modified by humans. The most viable method will be to focus on larger watersheds with larger populations of Southern California Steelhead.Southern California Steelhead Recovery Plan, pg. 60-61<http://swr.nmfs.noaa.gov/recovery/So_Cal/Southern_California_Steelhead_Public_Draft_Recovery_Plan.pdf>.