Robineau is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Abbé Alexandre-Auguste Robineau (1747–1828), French violinist, composer, conductor, painter, and priest Adelaïde Alsop Robineau (1865–1929), American painter, potter and ceramist Jean-Baptiste Robineau-Desvoidy (1799–1857), French physician and entomologist Joseph Robineau de Villebon (1655–1700), governor of Acadia Sylvie Robineau (born 1956), New Caledonian politician