The history of Mesopotamia extends from the Lower Paleolithic period until the establishment of the Caliphate in the late 7th century AD, after which the region came to be known as Iraq. This list covers dynasties and monarchs of Mesopotamia up until the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 539 BC, after which native Mesopotamian monarchs never again ruled the region.

The earliest records of writing are known from the Uruk period (or "Protoliterate period") in the 4th millennium BC, with documentation of actual historical events, and the ancient history of the region, being known from the middle of the third millennium BC onwards, alongside cuneiform records written by early kings. This period, known as the Early Dynastic Period, is typically subdivided into three: 2900–2750 BC (ED I), 2750–2600 BC (ED II) and 2600–2350 BC (ED III), and was followed by Akkadian (~2350–2100 BC) and Neo-Sumerian (2112–2004 BC) periods, after which Mesopotamia was most often divided between Assyria in the north and Babylonia in the south. In 609 BC, after about a century of the kings of the Neo-Assyrian Empire ruling both Assyria and Babylonia, the Neo-Babylonian Empire destroyed Assyria and became the sole power in Mesopotamia. The conquest of Babylon by the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BC initiated centuries of Iranian rule (under the Achaemenid, Parthian and Sasanian empires), which was only briefly interrupted by the Hellenistic Argeads and Seleucids (331–141 BC) and the Roman Empire (AD 116–117).

This list follows the middle chronology, the most widely used chronology of Mesopotamian history.

Early dynastic period (c. 2900–2350 BC) Before the rise of the Akkadian Empire in the 24th century BC, Mesopotamia was fragmented into a number of city states. Whereas some surviving Mesopotamian documents, such as the Sumerian King List, describe this period as one where there was only one legitimate king at any one given time, and kingship was transferred from city to city sequentially, the historical reality was that there were often many political leaders at any one given time. The Sumerian King List is generally not regarded as historically reliable given the exaggerated reign lengths (some rulers are described as ruling for hundreds or even thousands of years) and the fact that out of the massive amount of pre-Akkadian rulers listed in the SKL, very few are actually attested in surviving evidence from the Early Dynastic period. It is considered most appropriate by modern scholars to rely solely on actual Early Dynastic sources for reconstructing historical events during the Early Dynastic period. As such, the table below only lists rulers whose existence is attested by other more contemporary sources.

CenturyKishUrukUrLagashUmmaAdab 2600s BCEnmebaragesiAga of Kish UhubMesilimMeskiagnunEluluGilgameshA-ImdugudUr-PabilsagMeskalamdugAkalamdugMesannepadaA'annepadaMeskiagnunElulu 2500s BCEn-hegalLugalshaengurUr-NansheAkurgalPabilgagaltukuUsh 2400s BCLugal-kinishe-duduLugal-kisalsiLugal-kinishe-duduLugal-kisalsiLugal-kinishe-duduLugal-kisalsiEannatumEnannatum IEntemenaEnannatum IIEnentarziEnakalleUr-LummaIlGishakiduEdinMeaneduUshurduLugal-Anne-MunduMug-siE-iginimpa'e 2300s BCLugal-zage-siEnshakushannaLugal-zage-siLugalandaUrukaginaLugal-zage-siLugalandaUrukaginaLugal-zage-siUkushLugal-zage-siMeskigalLugal-zage-si

Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian periods (c. 2334–2004 BC) AkkadGutiumLagashUruk / UrNameReignRefNameReignRefNameReignRefNameReignRefSargonic dynastySargon 2334–2279 BCRimush 2278–2270 BCManishtushu 2269–2255 BCSecond dynasty of LagashNaram-Sin 2254–2218 BCGutian dynastyLugal-ushumgal 2230–2210 BCShar-Kali-Sharri 2217–2193 BCErridupizir 2220–2202 BCPuzer-Mamaaround 2210 BCFourth dynasty of UrukImta 2202–2199 BCUr-Ningirsu Iaround 2200 BCUr-niginaround 2200 BCPirig-mearound 2200 BCUr-gigiraround 2200 BCInkishush 2199–2195 BCIgigi (non-dynastic) 2193 BCSarlagab 2195–2192 BCKudauncertainImi (non-dynastic) 2192 BCShulme 2192–2186 BCLu-BabauncertainPuzur-iliuncertainNanum (non-dynastic) 2191 BCIlulu (non-dynastic) 2190 BCLugulauncertainUr-UtuuncertainDudu 2189–2169 BCElulmesh 2186–2180 BCInimabakesh 2180–2175 BCIgeshaush 2175–2169 BCKakuuncertainShu-turul 2168–2154 BCYarlagab 2169–2154 BCAkkad defeated by the GutiansIbate 2154–2151 BCUr-Baba 2157–2144 BCYarla 2151–2148 BCKurum 2148–2147 BCApilkin 2147–2144 BCLa-erabum 2144–2142 BCGudea 2144–2124 BCIrarum 2142–2140 BCIbranum 2140–2139 BCHablum 2139–2137 BCPuzur-Suen 2137–2130 BCYarlaganda 2130–2123 BCSi'um 2123–2116 BCUr-Ningirsu II 2124–2119 BCFifth dynasty of UrukTirigan 2116 BCUr-gar 2117–2113 BCUtu-hengal 2119–2113 BCGutians defeated by Utu-Hengal of UrukThird dynasty of UrNam-mahani 2113–2110 BCUr-Nammu 2112–2095 BCLagash defeated by Ur-Nammu of UrShulgi 2094–2047 BCAmar-Sin 2046–2038 BCShu-Sin 2037–2029 BCIbbi-Sin 2028–2004 BC

Isin–Larsa and rise of Babylon (c. 2025–1750 BC) Southern MesopotamiaNorthern MesopotamiaIsinLarsaBabylonUrukEshnunnaAssyriaNameReignRefNameReignRefNameReignRefNameReignRefNameReignRefNameReignRefFirst dynasty of IsinDynasty of LarsaDynasty of EshnunnaPuzur-Ashur dynastyIshbi-Erra 2017–1985 BCNaplanum 2025–2005 BCIturiauncertainPuzur-Ashur IuncertainEmisum 2004–1977 BCIlushuiliauncertainShalim-ahumuncertainShu-Ilishu 1984–1975 BCNurakhumuncertainIlu-shumauncertainIddin-Dagan 1974–1954 BCSamium 1976–1942 BCKirikiriuncertainErishum I 1974–1935 BCIshme-Dagan 1953–1935 BCZabaia 1941–1933 BCBilalamauncertainLipit-Eshtar 1934–1924 BCGungunum 1932–1906 BCAzuzumuncertainIkunum 1934–1921 BCUr-Ninurta 1923–1896 BCAbisare 1905–1895 BCAmorite dynasty (Dynasty I)Ipiq-Adad IuncertainSargon I 1920–1881 BCBur-Suen 1895–1874 BCSumuel 1894–1866 BCSumu-abum 1894–1881 BCShiqlanumuncertainLipit-Enlil 1873–1869 BCAbdi-ErahuncertainPuzur-Ashur II 1880–1873 BCErra-imitti 1868–1861 BCNur-Adad 1865–1850 BCSumu-la-El 1880–1845 BCSixth dynasty of UrukBelakumuncertainEnlil-bani 1860–1837 BCSin-Iddinam 1849–1843 BCSin-kashiduncertainWarassauncertainNaram-Sin 1872–1829 BCZambiya 1836–1834 BCSin-Eribam 1842–1841 BCSabium 1844–1831 BCSin-eribamuncertainIbal-pi-El IuncertainIter-pisha 1833–1831 BCSin-Iqisham 1840–1836 BCSin-gamiluncertainIpiq-Adad IIuncertainSilli-Adad 1835 BCAn-amuncertainNaram-SinuncertainUr-du-kuga 1830–1828 BCWarad-Sin 1834–1823 BCIrdaneneuncertainDadushauncertainSuen-magir 1827–1817 BCRim-Sin I 1822–1763 BCApil-Sin 1830–1813 BCRîm-AnumuncertainIbal-pi-el II 1762 BCErishum II 1828–1809 BCShamshi-Adad dynastyDamiq-ilishu 1816–1794 BCSin-Muballit 1812–1793 BCNabi-ilishu 1802 BCShamshi-Adad I 1808–1776 BCIsin defeated by Rim-Sin I of LarsaHammurabi 1792–1750 BCUruk defeated by Hammurabi of BabylonEshnunna defeated by Siwepalarhuhpak of ElamIshme-Dagan I 1775–1735 BCLarsa defeated by Hammurabi of Babylon

Fragmentation of Babylonia (c. 1749–1475 BC) Southern Mesopotamia (Babylonia)Northern MesopotamiaBabylonKassitesSealandAssyriaNameReignRefNameReignRefNameReignRefNameReignRefAmorite dynasty (Dynasty I; continued)Kassite dynasty (Dynasty III)First Sealand dynasty (Dynasty II)Shamshi-Adad dynasty (continued)Samsu-iluna 1749–1712 BCGandash 1729–1704 BCIlum-ma-ili 1725–? BCMut-AshkuruncertainRimushuncertainAbi-Eshuh 1711–1684 BCAgum I 1703–1682 BCItti-ili-nibiuncertainAsinumuncertainSeven usurpersAshur-duguluncertainAshur-apla-idiNasir-SinSin-namirIpqi-IshtarAdad-saluluAdasiAdaside dynastyDamqi-ilishuuncertainBel-bani 1700–1691 BCKashtiliash I 1681–1660 BCLibaya 1691–1674 BCAmmi-Ditana 1683–1647 BCAbi-RattashuncertainIshkibaluncertainSharma-Adad I 1673–1662 BCIptar-Sin 1661–1650 BCAmmi-Saduqa 1646–1626 BCShushushiuncertainBazaya 1649–1622 BCSamsu-Ditana 1625–1595 BCKashtiliash IIuncertainGulkisharuncertainLullaya 1621–1616 BCShu-Ninua 1615–1602 BCSharma-Adad II 1601–1598 BCBabylon destroyed by the HittitesUrzigurumashuncertainPeshgaldaramesh 1599–1549 BCErishum III 1598–1586 BCAgum IIuncertainShamshi-Adad II 1585–1580 BCHarba-ShipakuncertainIshme-Dagan II 1580–1564 BCKassite dynasty (Dynasty III)Shipta'ulziuncertainShamshi-Adad III 1564–1548 BCBurnaburiash I 1530–1500 BCBurnaburiash I 1530–1500 BCAyadaragalama 1548–1520 BCAshur-nirari I 1548–1522 BCAkurduana 1519–1493 BCPuzur-Ashur III 1522–1498 BCUlamburiasharound 1475 BCUlamburiasharound 1475 BCMelamkurkurra 1492–1485 BCEnlil-nasir I 1498–1485 BCEa-gamil 1484–1475 BCNur-ili 1485–1473 BC

Babylonia and Assyria (c. 1475–539 BC)