Alternanthera is a genus of flowering plants in the family Amaranthaceae. It is a widespread genus with most species occurring in the tropical Americas,Sánchez-Del Pino, I., et al. (2012). Molecular phylogenetics of Alternanthera (Gomphrenoideae, Amaranthaceae): resolving a complex taxonomic history caused by different interpretations of morphological characters in a lineage with C4 and C3–C4 intermediate species. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 169(3), 493-517.Alternanthera. Flora of North America. and others in Asia, Africa, and Australia. Plants of the genus may be known generally as joyweeds, or Joseph's coat.Alternanthera. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). Several species are notorious noxious weeds.Tanveer, A., et al. (2013). A review on genus Alternanthera weeds implications. Pak. J. Weed Sci. Res 19(1), 53-58.
Description These are annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs. While some of the better-known species are aquatic plants, most are terrestrial. They take many forms, from prostrate to erect to floating. The leaves are oppositely arranged. The inflorescence is a spike or a rounded head occurring in the leaf axils or the ends of branches. The flowers have 5 tepals. There are 3 to 5 stamens which are fused into a rim at the bases, and 5 pseudostaminodes, appendages between the stamens that are not true staminodes. The fruit is a utricle containing one seed.
The genus Alternanthera contains both terrestrial and aquatic species. The photosynthetic pathway varies in this genus: Some species undergo C3 carbon fixation, one clade of 17 species has acquired the C4 pathway, and yet other species have an intermediate C3-C4 pathway. Chinthapalli, B., et al. (2001). Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase purified from leaves of C3, C4, and C3-C4 intermediate species of Alternanthera: Properties at limiting and saturating bicarbonate. Photosynthetica 38(3), 415-19.
Species
It is not yet clear how many species belong in the genus. Estimates range between 80 and 200.GRIN Species Records of Alternanthera. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Plants of the World Online accepts 106 species.
As of April 2024, Plants of the World Online accepts the following species:
Alternanthera albida (Moq.) Griseb. Alternanthera albosquarrosa Suess. Alternanthera albotomentosa Suess. Alternanthera altacruzensis Suess. Alternanthera angustifolia R.Br. – narrow-leaf joyweed Alternanthera aquatica (D.Parodi) Chodat – Hassler's alternanthera Alternanthera arequipensis Suess. Alternanthera areschougii Alternanthera axillaris Alternanthera bahiensis Alternanthera bettzickiana – calico-plant Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze – Brazilian joyweed, ruby leaf Alternanthera brasiliana var. villosa (synonym Alternanthera dentata ) – little ruby Alternanthera calcicola Alternanthera cana Alternanthera canescens Alternanthera caracasana Kunth – mat chaff-flower, washerwoman Alternanthera cinerella Alternanthera collina Alternanthera congesta Alternanthera cordobensis Alternanthera corymbiformis Alternanthera costaricensis Alternanthera crassifolia Alternanthera decurrens Alternanthera dendrotricha Alternanthera denticulata – lesser joyweed Alternanthera dominii Alternanthera ebracteolata Alternanthera echinocephala (Hook.f.) Christoph. – spiny-headed chaff flower,, p. 144 sea-urchin joyweed Alternanthera fasciculata Alternanthera fastigiata Alternanthera ficoidea – parrot leaf Alternanthera filifolia (Hook.f.) J.T.Howell Alternanthera flava Alternanthera flavescens – yellow joyweed Alternanthera flavicoma Alternanthera flavida Alternanthera flosculosa Alternanthera galapagensis Alternanthera geniculata Alternanthera glaziovii Alternanthera grandis Alternanthera halimifolia – West Indian joyweed Alternanthera helleri (B.L.Rob.) J.T.Howell Alternanthera herniarioides Alternanthera hirtula Alternanthera inaccessa Alternanthera indica Alternanthera ingramiana Alternanthera jacquinii Alternanthera januarensis Alternanthera kanhae Alternanthera kurtzii Alternanthera laguroides Alternanthera lanceolata Alternanthera laxa Alternanthera littoralis P.Beauv. – seaside joyweed Alternanthera lupulina Alternanthera macbridei Alternanthera martii Alternanthera micrantha Alternanthera microphylla Alternanthera minutiflora Alternanthera mollendoana Alternanthera multicaulis Alternanthera nahui Alternanthera nesiotes Alternanthera nodiflora – common joyweed Alternanthera obovata Alternanthera olivacea Alternanthera panamensis Alternanthera paronichyoides A.St.-Hil. – smooth joyweed Alternanthera pennelliana Alternanthera peruviana Alternanthera philippo-coburgii Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. – alligator weed Alternanthera porrigens Alternanthera praelonga Alternanthera puberula Alternanthera pubiflora Alternanthera pulchella Alternanthera pulverulenta Alternanthera pumila Alternanthera pungens Alternanthera pycnantha Alternanthera raimondii Alternanthera regelii Alternanthera reineckii Briq. Alternanthera robinsonii Alternanthera rufa Alternanthera rugulosa Alternanthera serpens Alternanthera serpyllifolia Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. – rabbit-meat, sessile joyweed, downy joyweed, hairy joyweed Alternanthera snodgrassii Alternanthera spinosa Alternanthera stellata Alternanthera stenophylla Alternanthera suessenguthii Alternanthera tetramera Alternanthera tomentosa Alternanthera tubulosa Alternanthera vestita Alternanthera villosa
Formerly placed here Gomphrena subscaposa (as Alternanthera subscaposa )
Ecology Many species have been reported as noxious weeds, including A. angustifolia, A. caracasana, A. denticulata, A. nana, A. nodiflora, A. paronychioides, A. philoxeroides, A. sessilis, A. tenella, and A. triandra. The most important species is alligator weed (A. philoxeroides), a South American aquatic plant that has spread to other continents. It is a weed of many kinds of agricultural crops, it is an invasive species that degrades native habitat, and its dense mats of vegetation clog waterways, slowing shipping and increasing flooding. Alternanthera plants are known to produce allelopathic compounds that injure other plants, including crops.
Biological pest control agents now in use to reduce alligator weed infestations include the alligator weed flea beetle (Agasicles hygrophila), the alligator weed thrips (Amynothrips andersoni), and the alligator weed stem borer (Arcola malloi).
Uses A. philoxeroides and A. sessilis are eaten as vegetables in parts of Asia.
Some Alternanthera are used as ornamental plants.
References