The Parthian Empire ruled over an area roughly corresponding to present-day Iran from the third century BC to the third century AD. It contained a varying number of subordinate semi-autonomous kingdoms each with its own ruler.

Lists of rulers

Arsacids of Armenia 12–428 AD Vonones 12–16 (Former king of Parthia as Vonones I) Orodes 16–18 (Son of Artabanus III king of Parthia) Artaxias III 18–35 (From the house of Polemon) Arsaces I 35 (Son of Artabanus III king of Parthia) Orodes 35 (Again) Mithridates I 35–37 (Son of Mithridates (IV) king of Iberia) Orodes 37–42 (Again) Mithridates I 42–52 (Again) Rhadamistus 52–54 (Son of Pharasmanes (III) king of Iberia) Tiridates I 54–60 (Son of Vonones II king of Parthia & Medes) Tigranes VI 60–62 (From the house of Herod) Tiridates I 62–c. 75 (Again) Unknown king c. 75–89 (Probably Vologases II of Parthia) Sanatruces I 89–109 (Son of Vologases I of Parthia) Axidares (Ashkhadar) 110–113 (Son of Pacorus II king of Parthia) Parthamasiris (Partamasir) 113–114 (Son of Pacorus II king of Parthia) Roman occupation 114–115 Mithridates II 114–116 (Brother of Sanatruces I & Osroes I king of Parthia) Sanatruces II 116 (Son of Mithridates II) Vologases I from 116 (Son of Sanatruces I) ?Achaemenes until 138/144 Sohaemus 138/144–161 (Son of Achaemenes) Pacorus I 161–164 (Aurelius Pacorus) Sohaemus 164–178 (Again) Vologases II 178–197 Unknown king 197–215 Khosrov I 215–216 (Son of Vologases II) Roman occupation 216–217 Tiridates II 217–222 ?Khosrov (II) 222–238 ?Tiridates (III) 238–253 Sasanian occupation 253–279 Hormozd-Ardashir 253–270 (Later king of Iran as Hormizd I son of Shapur I Sassanid) Narseh 270–293 (Later king of Iran as Narseh son of Shapur I Sassanid) Artavasdes VI c. 260 Khosrov II 279–287 Tiridates (IV) 287–298 Tiridates III 298–330 Pacorus II 330 (Usurper) Khosrov III 330–338 Tigranes VII 338–351 Arsaces II (Arshak II) 351–367 Papas (Pap) 367–374 Varasdates (Varazdat) 374–378 Vologases III 378–386 (Co-ruler with Arsaces III (Arshak III)) Arsaces III 378–389 (Co-ruler with Vologases III then Khosrov IV) Khosrov IV 386–392 (Co-ruler with Arsaces III & then alone) Vramshapuh 392–414 Khosrov IV 414–416 (Again) Tigranes VIII 416 co-ruler with Arsaces IV Arsaces IV 416 co-ruler with Tigranes VIII Shapur 416–420 (Later king of Iran as Shapur IV son of Yazdegerd I Sassanid) Artaxias IV 422–428

Arsacids of Media 144 BC – 232 AD Vologases (Bagasha) 144–122 BCQashqai, "The successors of Mithridates II" Arsaces 122–111 Artaxerxes 111–97 Artabanus 97–88 Mithridates 88–67 Darius 67–65 Mithridates 65–55 Orodes 55–50 Pacorus 50–38 ?Tiridates c. 30–25 ?Mithridates 12–9 BCJosephus Flavius, Antiquities of the Jews, Book XVI, Ch.8.4 ?Orodes c. 4–6 AD Artabanus 9–12 AD ... Vonones c. 45–51 Pacorus 51–75 son of Vonones ... Arsaces c. 136 AD ?Pacorus to 163 AD ... Vologases to 208 ... Artabanus 213–226 Pacorus from 226 AD son of Artabanus

Arsacid kings of Iberia 123 BC – c. 230 AD Ruler Year Rev I 189 to 216 Vache 216 to 234 Bacurius I 234 to 249 Mithridates II 249 to 265 Amazaspus III 260 to 265 Aspacures I 265 to 284

Arsacids of Caucasian Albania 123 BC – c. 490 AD Vachagan I the Brave Vache I Urnayr Vachagan II Mirhavan Satoy Asay Aswagen Vache II Vachagan III the Pious

Arsacids of Hyrcania c. 170 BC – c. 230 AD Arsaces c. 165 BC son of Phraates I Himerus to 129 BC Otanes c. 70 BC Artabanus c. 9–40 AD Gotarzes 40–51 AD

Indo-Parthians c. 20 –c. 240 AD

Indo-Parthian rulers of Sistan (Drangiana) Source:Fröhlich, 2004; Qashqai, 2017 Gondophares I Great king of kings, Autocrator (c. 20 BC – first years AD) Gondophares II Gadana Orthagnes (c. 20 AD – 30 AD?), brother of Gondophares I Gondophares III Sases (mid-1st century AD) Gondophares IV Gadana Obouzanes, son of Orthagnes Sanabares Great King, son of Ubouzanes Abdagases II King, son of Sanabares Pacores (late 1st century AD) ? Tiridates (No coins), son of Sanabares ? Atursasan (No coins), son of Tiridates Farn-Sasan, son of Atursasan

Indo-Parthian rulers of Arachosia (Kandahar) Source: Gondophares I Great king of kings, Autocrator (c. 20 BC – first years AD) Sarpedones Basileontos (first years AD – c. 20 AD) Gondophares II Gadana Orthagnes Basileontos (c. 20 AD – 30 AD?) Abdagases I, nephew of Gondophares I (first years AD – mid-1st century AD) Sarpedones Great king of kings, Dikaios, Soter, Nikiphoros Gondophares III Sases (mid-1st century AD) Sanabares Great King, Soter Abdagases II King Pacores (late 1st century AD)

Indo-Parthian rulers of Jammu Source: Gondophares I (c. 20 BC – first years AD) Abdagases I (first years AD – mid-1st century AD) Sarpedones Gondophares III Sases (mid-1st century AD) Gondophares IV Gadana Obouzanes Gondophares III Sases (mid-1st century AD)

Indo-Parthian rulers of Indus shore (Balochistan) Source: Sarpedones Satavastra Gondophares III Sases (mid-1st century AD)

Indo-Parthian rulers of Gandhara Source: Gondophares I (c. 20 BC – first years AD) Abdagases I Basileontos (first years AD – mid-1st century AD) Abdagases I Great king, king of kings (first years AD – mid-1st century AD) Gondophares III Sases (mid-1st century AD)

Indo-Parthian rulers of Taxila Source: Abdagases I (first years AD – mid-1st century AD) Gondophares III Sases (mid-1st century AD)

Indo-Parthian rulers of North Arachosia (Bagram) Source: Gondophares I Great king of kings, Autocrator, Soter (c. 20 BC – first years AD) Abdagases I Great king, Soter (first years AD – mid-1st century AD)

Kings of Merv & Abarshahr c. 10–c. 250 AD Source:Baratin, 2009.

? cont. with Phraates V ? cont. with Artabanus II ? cont. with Gotarzes II and Vardanes I D ... c. 50 AD Po ... cont. with Vologases I Sanabares c. 2nd half of the 1st century AD Pacores c. 100 AD ? cont. with Vologases III and Mithridates IV ? cont. with Vologases III and Mithridates IV Tiren cont. with Vologases IV ? cont. with Vologases IV Ardashir c. 200 AD ? 1st half of the 3rd century ? 1st half of the 3rd century ? c. 250 AD

Kings of Persis c. 230 BC – c. 210 AD Source:Wiesehöfer, 1996, p. 319.

Name Date Family Relations Note 1 Vahbarz I beg. of 3rd century BC ? leader of a revolution against Seleucids (?) 2 Baykard ? Fratarakā dynasty 3 Baydād (bgdt) end of 3rd/ beg. of 2nd century BC Fratarakā dynasty – son of Baykard sub-Seleucid 4 Ardaxšīr I (rtḥštry) 1st half of 2nd century Fratarakā dynasty sub-Seleucid 5 Vahbarz II (whwbrz – called Oborzos in Polyenus 7.40) 1st half of 2nd century Fratarakā dynasty 6 Vādfradād I (wtprdt) mid-3nd century BC Fratarakā dynasty – son of Vahbarz Vadfradad I and his successors were as sub-Parthian dynasts. 7 Vadfradad II c. 140 ? 8 'Unknown king I' (Syknlt?) 2nd half of 2nd century ? 9 Darev I end of 2nd century ? 10 Vadfradad III 1st half of 1st century ? 11 Darev II 1st century son of Vadfradad III 12 Ardashir II 2nd half of 1st century son of Darev II killed by his brother Vahshir I 13 Vahshir I 2nd half of 1st century son of Darev II 14 Pakor I 1st half of 1st century AD son of Vahshir I 15 Pakor II 1st half of 1st century ? 16 Nambed mid-1st century son of Ardashir II 17 Napad 2nd half of 1st century son of Nambed 18 'Unknown king II' end of 1st century ? 19 Vadfradad IV 1st half of 2nd century ? 20 Manchihr I 1st half of 2nd century ? 21 Ardashir III 1st half of 2nd century son of Manchihr I 22 Manchihr II mid-2nd century son of Ardashir III 23 Pakor IIIRezakhani, Kh., "The "Unbekannter König III" and the Coinage of Hellenistic and Arsacid Persis", Nameye Iran-e Bastan, 15 (2010) 2nd half of 2nd century ? 24 Manchihr III 2nd half of 2nd century son of Manchihr II 25 Ardashir IV end of 2nd century son of Manchihr III 26 Vahshir II c. 206–210 AD ? The last of Bazarangids. 27 Shapur beg. of 3rd century Brother of the first Sasanian, Ardashir I 28Ardashir Vbeg. of 3rd centuryFirst Sasanian ruler, under the name of Ardashir I

Rulers of Hatra (2nd century BCE – 2nd century CE) In inscriptions found at Hatra, several rulers are mentioned, while other rulers are sporadically mentioned by classical authors.

They appear with two titles: the earlier rulers are called mry''' (translation uncertain, perhaps administrator), the later ones mlk -king'' – see Kingdom of Hatra. Name Title Date Family Relations Note 1 Worod mry' 2 Ma’nu mry' 3 Elkud mry' 155/156 AD 4 Nashrihab mry' 128/29 – 137/38 AD 5 Naṣru mry' 128/29 – 176/77 6 Wolgash I mry' and mlk – King 7 Sanatruq I mry' and mlk – King 176/177 AD ruled together with Wolgash I 8 Wolgash (II?) son of Wolgash (I) 9 Abdsamiya mlk – King 192/93 – 201/202 AD Supported the Roman emperor Pescennius Niger 10 Sanatruq II mlk – King 207/08 – 229/230 AD

Kings of Elymais c. 147 BC – c. 224 AD

Kamnaskires I Soter (c. 147 BC?) Kamnaskires II Nikephoros (c 145–c. 139 BC) Okkonapses (c. 139/138–c. 137 BC), rebel Tigraios (c. 137–c. 132 bc), rebel Darius Soter (c. 129 BC), rebel Pittit (125–124 BC), rebel Kamnaskires III (c. 82–62/61 BC), co-ruler with Anzaze Anzaze (c. 82–62/61 BC), co-ruler with Kamnaskires III Kamnaskires IV (1st century BC) Kamnaskires V (1st century BC) Kamnaskires VI (1st century AD) Orodes I (1st century) Orodes II, also known as Kamnaskires-Orodes (1st/2nd century) Phraates (1st/2nd century) Osroes (2nd century) Orodes III (2nd century), co-ruler with Ulfan Ulfan (2nd century), co-ruler with Orodes III Abar-Basi (2nd century) Orodes IV (2nd/3rd century) Khwasak (3rd century) Orodes V (3rd century)

Kings of Characene c. 170 BC–c. 222 AD Source:Wiesehöfer, 1996, pp. 317–318. Hyspaosines c. 127–122/121 BC Apodakos c. 110/109–104/103 BC Tiraios I 95/94–90/89 BC Tiraios II 79/78–49/48 BC Artabazos 49/48–48/47 BC Attambelos I 47/46–25/24 BC Theonesios I c. 19/18 BC Attambalos II c. 17/16 BC – AD 8/9 Abinergaos I 10/11; 22/23 Orabazes I c. 19 Attambalos III c. 37/38–44/45 Theonesios II c. 46/47 Theonesios III c. 52/53 Attambalos IV 54/55–64/65 Attambalos V 64/65–73/74 Orabazes II c. 73–80 Pakoros (II) 80–101/02 king of Iran Attambalos VI c. 101/02–105/06 Theonesios IV c. 110/11–112/113 Attambalos VII 113/14–117 Meredates c. 131–150/51 son of Pakoros (II) king of Iran Orabazes III c. 150/151–165 Abinergaios II (?) c. 165–180 Attambalos VIII c. 180–195 (?) Maga (?) c. 195–210 Abinergaos III c. 210–222

Kings of Osrhoene 132 BC–c. 293 AD Aryu (132–127 BC) Abdu bar Maz'ur (127–120 BC) Fradhasht bar Gebar'u (120–115 BC) Bakru I bar Fradhasht (115–112 BC) Bakru II bar Bakru (112–94 BC) Ma'nu I (94 BC) Abgar I Piqa (94–68 BC) Abgar II bar Abgar (68–52 BC) Ma'nu II (52–34 BC) Paqor (34–29 BC) Abgar III (29–26 BC) Abgar IV Sumaqa (26–23 BC) Ma'nu III Saphul (23–4 BC) Abgar V Ukkama bar Ma'nu (Abgarus of Edessa) (4 BC–7 AD) Ma'nu IV bar Ma'nu (7–13 AD) Abgar V Ukkama bar Ma'nu (13–50) Ma'nu V bar Abgar (50–57) Ma'nu VI bar Abgar (57–71) Abgar VI bar Ma'nu (71–91) Sanatruk (91–109) Abgar VII bar Ezad (109–116) Roman interregnum 116–118 Yalur (118–122, co-ruler with Parthamaspates) Parthamaspates (118–123) Ma'nu VII bar Ezad (123–139) Ma'nu VIII bar Ma'nu (139–163) Wa'il bar Sahru (163–165) Ma'nu VIII bar Ma'nu (165–167) Abgar VIII (167–177) Abgar IX (the great) (177–212) Abgar X Severus bar Ma'nu (212–214) Abgar (X) Severus Bar Abgar (IX) Rabo (214–216) Ma’nu (IX) Bar Abgar (X) Severus (216–242) Abgar (XI) Farhat Bar Ma’nu (IX) (242–244)

Kings of Adiabene c. 69 BC – c. 310 AD

Abdissares (c. 164 BC) Unknown king (c. 69 BC) Artaxares (cont. with Augustus) Izates I (c. 15 AD) Bazeus Monobazus I (20?–30?) Heleni (c. 30–58) Izates II bar Monobazus (c. 34–58) Vologases (Parthian occupation opposing Izates II) (c. 50) Monobazus II bar Monobazus (58 – middle of the 70s) Meharaspes (?–116) To the Roman Empire (116–117) Atwr ('tlw) (c. 150) To the Sassanid Empire