Trans-Canada Air Lines (also known as TCA in English, and Trans-Canada in French) was a Canadian airline that operated as the country's flag carrier, with corporate headquarters in Montreal, Quebec. Its first president was Gordon Roy McGregor. Founded in 1937, it was renamed Air Canada in 1965.

History With heavy involvement from C. D. Howe, a senior minister in the Mackenzie King cabinet, TCA was created by the Crown Corporation Canadian National Railway (CNR), and launched its first flight on 1 September 1937, on a flight between Vancouver and Seattle. An air-mail contract with Royal Mail Canada was one of the methods by which TCA was financed.

The creation of TCA was partly by CNR management who wanted to expand the company into the new field of passenger aviation, and was partly by government direction. Prior to TCA, no large national airline existed in Canada. With war looming, and other nations (primarily the U.S.) experiencing major increases in the creation of passenger airlines, it was necessary to have a presence. The CNR was the country's largest corporation at the time and proved an effective vehicle for the government to create a national airline.

TCA was also in direct competition with passenger trains operated by parent CNR, and contributed to the decline of passenger rail service as Canada entered the pioneering years of air travel. In response to CNR's creation of TCA, arch-rival Canadian Pacific Railway created Canadian Pacific Air Lines in 1942.

Between 1943 and 1947, TCA operated the Canadian Government Trans-Atlantic Air Service (CGTAS) to provide trans-Atlantic military passenger and postal delivery service using Avro Lancastrian (modified Avro Lancaster) aircraft."Lancasters After The War". Bomber Command Museum. Retrieved: 3 October 2011. The record crossing was completed non-stop in 12:26 hours; the average was about 13:25 hours."Canadian Review". Flight, 9 January 1947, p. 44. Retrieved: 3 October 2011. CGTAS ushered in the era of commercial air travel across the North Atlantic."The Canadian Lancasters". Bomber Command Museum. bombercommandmuseum.ca After the war, the Lancastrians became part of TCA and carried paying civilian passengers until they were replaced by Douglas DC-4s."Claude Ivan Taylor". Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame. Retrieved: 3 October 2011.

Postwar

Starting in 1945, TCA acquired 30 twin-engined ex-military Douglas DC-3s for use on Canadian internal services and some of these remained in service until 1963 on shorter routes. A fleet of Merlin-powered Canadair North Stars was delivered from 1947 and these commenced services to several European countries, including the United Kingdom and to cities in the U.S. The last of the North Stars was sold in 1961.Whittle 1967, pp. 84–85.

The Canadair North Stars were gradually replaced by longer range Lockheed Super Constellations from 1954 onwards, fourteen being operated on transatlantic routes extending as far as Vienna in Austria; also to Bermuda and several Caribbean destinations including Jamaica and Trinidad. The last Super Constellations were disposed of in 1963.Marson 1982, p. 254. A large fleet of Vickers Viscount turboprop airliners was built up from late 1954 and these were used on many intra-North American routes. The Viscount was followed by the larger Vickers Vanguard turboprop. TCA was the only airline in North America to operate the Vanguard in scheduled passenger service.

In 1953 with the development of ReserVec (originally called Gemini), TCA became the first airline in the world to use a computer reservation system with remote terminals.

The airline's Winnipeg maintenance shops and its first trial flight of the Viscount was documented in the 1955 film, Routine Flight.Burwash, Gordon and McLean, Grant. "Routine Flight" (Documentary film). National Film Board of Canada, 1955. Retrieved: 18 July 2012.

The airline acquired a fleet of Douglas DC-8 jet airliners powered by Rolls-Royce Conways, the first being received on 25 May 1960. The DC-8 quickly replaced the slower Super Constellations on TCA's scheduled services to Europe.

Changes In 1964, an Act of Parliament proposed by Jean Chrétien changed the name of Trans-Canada Air Lines to "Air Canada", which was already in use as the airline's French-language name, effective 1 January 1965. In 1978, Air Canada was divested by parent CNR and became a separate Crown corporation. Air Canada was privatized in 1989.

Corporate affairs The headquarters were in the International Aviation Building in Montreal.

Destinations TCA operated a network of 160 routes to destinations including:

St. John's, Newfoundland Stephenville, Newfoundland Gander, Newfoundland Halifax, Nova Scotia Sydney, Nova Scotia Fredericton, New Brunswick Victoria, British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia Penticton, British Columbia Boston, Massachusetts New York City, New York Winnipeg, Manitoba Brandon, Manitoba Calgary, Alberta Chicago, Illinois Cleveland, Ohio Edmonton, Alberta Lethbridge, Alberta Montreal, Quebec Ottawa, Ontario London, Ontario Tampa, Florida Toronto, Ontario Detroit (Windsor) Seattle, Washington London, England Paris, France Prestwick, Scotland Shannon, Ireland Düsseldorf, Germany St. George's Parish, Bermuda Nassau, Bahamas Kingston, Jamaica Christ Church, Barbados Piarco, Trinidad

Fleet + Trans-Canada Air Lines fleet"Historic Fleet". Air Canada. Retrieved: 3 October 2011."Connie". rbogash.com. Retrieved: 13 December 2010.AircraftIn servicePassengersYears in service Vickers Viscount 48 1955–1974 Vickers Vanguard 108 1961–1972 Canadair North Star DC-4M-2 20 44 1946–1961 Douglas DC-8-40, 50 8 176 (economy), 124 (mixed) 1960–1983 Lockheed 10A Electra 5 10 1937–1941 Lockheed L-1049C/E/G/H Super Constellation 14 53-75 1954–1963 Bristol Freighter 3 freight only; 2 crew 1953–1955 Douglas DC-3 27 21 1945–1963Avro Lancaster Mk III - for freight/mail service and priority passengers1unknown1943 Avro Lancastrian - for freight/mail service and priority passengers 9 10 1943–1947 Lockheed 18-08 Lodestar 15 14 1941–1949 Lockheed Super Electra 14H2 (14-08) 16; 12 as 14-08 after conversion 10 1938–1949 Boeing-Stearman Model 75 - as trainer only 3 2 1937–1939

Aircraft on display One former TCA Lockheed L-1049G Super Constellation (CF-TGE), has been preserved by The Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington. It is currently on display at the museum's "Airpark" attraction."Super Constellation CF-TGE". Rbogash.com. Retrieved: 13 December 2010.

A former TCA Vickers Viscount (CF-THG) is on display at the British Columbia Aviation Museum in Sidney, British Columbia. The aircraft has been completely refurbished by the museum.

A former TCA and Transair operated Vickers Viscount 744 (CF-TGI / N22SN) is on display at the Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona, USA.

Accidents and incidents Trans-Canada Air Lines had 13 aircraft accidents resulting in hull losses, with a total of 248 fatalities, between 1938 and 1963. These included:"List of Trans-Canada Air Lines accidents". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved: 13 January 2011.