In the 1960s in jazz, free jazz and the related form of avant-garde jazz broke through into an open space of "free tonality" in which meter, beat, and formal symmetry all disappeared, and a range of World music from India, Africa, and Arabia were melded into an intense, even religiously ecstatic or orgiastic style of playing. While loosely inspired by bebop, free jazz tunes gave players much more latitude; the loose harmony and tempo was deemed controversial when this approach was first developed. The bassist Charles Mingus is also frequently associated with the avant-garde in jazz, although his compositions draw from myriad styles and genres. The first major stirrings came in the 1950s, with the early work of Ornette Coleman and Cecil Taylor. In the 1960s, performers included John Coltrane, Archie Shepp, Sun Ra, Albert Ayler, Pharoah Sanders, and others. Free jazz quickly found a foothold in Europe– in part because musicians such as Ayler, Taylor, Steve Lacy and Eric Dolphy spent extended periods in Europe. A distinctive European contemporary jazz (often incorporating elements of free jazz but not limited to it) flourished also because of the emergence of musicians (such as John Surman, Zbigniew Namyslowski, Albert Mangelsdorff, Kenny Wheeler and Mike Westbrook) anxious to develop new approaches reflecting their national and regional musical cultures and contexts.
In the late 1960s, Latin jazz, combining rhythms from African and Latin American countries, often played on instruments such as conga, timbale, güiro, and claves, with jazz and classical harmonies played on typical jazz instruments (piano, double bass, etc.) broke through. There are two main varieties: Afro-Cuban jazz was played in the US right after the bebop period, while Brazilian jazz became more popular in the 1960s. Afro-Cuban jazz began as a movement in the mid-1950s as bebop musicians such as Dizzy Gillespie and Billy Taylor started Afro-Cuban bands influenced by such Cuban and Puerto Rican musicians as Xavier Cugat, Tito Puente, and Arturo Sandoval. Brazilian jazz such as bossa nova is derived from samba, with influences from jazz and other 20th-century classical and popular music styles. Bossa is generally moderately paced, with melodies sung in Portuguese or English. The style was pioneered by Brazilians João Gilberto and Antônio Carlos Jobim. The related term jazz-samba describes an adaptation of bossa nova compositions to the jazz idiom by American performers such as Stan Getz and Charlie Byrd.
Bossa nova was made popular by Elizete Cardoso's recording of Chega de Saudade on the Canção do Amor Demais LP, composed by Vinícius de Moraes (lyrics) and Antonio Carlos Jobim (music). The initial releases by Gilberto and the 1959 film Black Orpheus brought significant popularity in Brazil and elsewhere in Latin America, which spread to North America via visiting American jazz musicians. The resulting recordings by Charlie Byrd and Stan Getz cemented its popularity and led to a worldwide boom with 1963's Getz/Gilberto, numerous recordings by famous jazz performers such as Ella Fitzgerald (Ella Abraça Jobim) and Frank Sinatra (Francis Albert Sinatra & Antônio Carlos Jobim), and the entrenchment of the bossa nova style as a lasting influence in world music for several decades and even up to the present.
1960s jazz standards
1960–1964
1961 – "Impressions".Impressions at jazzstandards.com - retrieved on February 20, 2009The Real Book, Volume I, p. 205.The New Real Book, Volume II, p. 154. Composed by John Coltrane. 1963 – "Once I Loved" (a.k.a. "Amor em Paz", also "Love in Peace").Once I Loved at jazzstandards.com - retrieved on February 20, 2009.The Real Book, Volume I, p. 311. Composed by Antonio Carlos Jobim with lyrics by Vinicius de Moraes (Portuguese) and Ray Gilbert (English). 1961 – "One Note Samba" (a.k.a. "Samba de Uma Nota Só").One Note Samba at jazzstandards.com - retrieved on February 20, 2009.The Real Book, Volume I, p. 314. Composed by Antonio Carlos Jobim with lyrics by Newton Mendonça (Portuguese) and Antonio Carlos Jobim (English). 1961 – "Stolen Moments".Stolen Moments at jazzstandards.com - retrieved on February 20, 2009The Real Book, Volume I, p. 384. Composed by Oliver Nelson. 1962 – "Corcovado" (a.k.a. "Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars").Corcovado (Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars) at jazzstandards.com - retrieved on February 20, 2009.The Real Book, Volume I, p. 335. Composed by Antonio Carlos Jobim with lyrics by Antonio Carlos Jobim (Portuguese) and Gene Lees (English). 1962 – "Days of Wine and Roses".Days of Wine and Roses at jazzstandards.com - retrieved on February 20, 2009. Composed by Henry Mancini with lyrics by Johnny Mercer. 1962 – "Meditation" (a.k.a. "Meditação").Meditation at jazzstandards.com - retrieved on February 20, 2009.The Real Book, Volume I, p. 266. Composed by Antonio Carlos Jobim Newton Mendonça (Portuguese) Norman Gimbel (English). 1962 – "Up Jumped Spring".The Real Book, Volume I, p. 425. Composed by Freddie Hubbard. 1963 – "Blue Bossa".The Real Book, Volume I, p. 50. Composed by Kenny Dorham. 1963 – "Bluesette".The Real Book, Volume I, p. 56. Composed by Jean Thielemans with lyrics by Norman Gimbel. 1963 – "Four".Four at jazzstandards.com - retrieved on April 29, 2009.The Real Book, Volume I, p. 149. Composed by Miles Davis. 1963 – "The Girl from Ipanema" (a.k.a. "Garôta de Ipanema").The Girl from Ipanema at jazzstandards.com - retrieved on February 20, 2009.The Real Book, Volume I, p. 158. Composed by Antonio Carlos Jobim with lyrics by Vinicius de Moraes (Portuguese) and Norman Gimbel (English). 1963 – "How Insensitive" (a.k.a. "Insensatez").How Insensitive at jazzstandards.com - retrieved on February 20, 2009The Real Book, Volume I, p. 181. Composed by Antonio Carlos Jobim with lyrics by Vinicius de Moraes (Portuguese) and Norman Gimbel (English). 1963 – "If You Never Come to Me" (a.k.a. "Inútil Paisagem").The Real Book, Volume I, p. 204. Composed by Antonio Carlos Jobim with lyrics by Aloysio de Oliveira (Portuguese) and Ray Gilbert (English). 1963 – "Oye Como Va".The Real Book, Volume II, p. 305. Written by Tito Puente. 1963 – "Recorda-Me".The Real Book, Volume I, p. 337. Composed by Joe Henderson. 1963 – "The Sidewinder".Seymour, Gene (2005) in Kirchner, Bill (ed.) The Oxford Companion to Jazz, Oxford University Press, p. 388. Composed by Lee Morgan. 1963 – "Só Danço Samba" (a.k.a. "Jazz 'N' Samba").The Real Book, Volume III, p. 360. Composed by Antonio Carlos Jobim with lyrics by Vinicius de Moraes (Portuguese) and Norman Gimbel (English). 1963 – "St. Thomas".St. Thomas at jazzstandards.com - retrieved on February 20, 2009The Real Book, Volume II, p. 339. Composed by Sonny Rollins. 1963 – "Water to Drink" (a.k.a. "Água de Beber").The Real Book, Volume I, p. 14. Composed by Antonio Carlos Jobim with lyrics by Vinicius de Moraes (Portuguese) and Norman Gimbel (English). 1963 – "Watermelon Man".Watermelon Man at jazzstandards.com - retrieved on February 20, 2009.The Real Book, Volume III, p. 429. Composed by Herbie Hancock. 1964 – "Cantaloupe Island".The Real Book, Volume II, p. 76. Composed by Herbie Hancock. 1964 – "Inner Urge".The Real Book, Volume I, p. 214.The New Real Book, Volume III, p. 177. Composed by Joe Henderson. 1964 – "JuJu".The Real Book, Volume I, p. 230. Composed by Wayne Shorter. 1964 – "Mahjong".The Real Book, Volume I, p. 260.The New Real Book, Volume II, p. 196. Composed by Wayne Shorter. 1964 – "Song for My Father".The Real Book, Volume I, p. 373.The New Real Book, Volume II, p. 335. Composed by Horace Silver. 1964 – "Linus and Lucy, Composed by Vince Guaraldi.
1965–1969
1965 – "Ceora".The Real Book, Volume I, p. 72.The New Real Book, Volume III, p. 76. Written by Lee Morgan. 1965 – "Dindi".Dindi at jazzstandards.com - retrieved on February 20, 2009.The Real Book, Volume II, p. 105. Composed by Antonio Carlos Jobim with lyrics by Aloysio de Oliveira (Portuguese) Ray Gilbert (English). 1965 – "Dolphin Dance".Dolphin Dance at jazzstandards.com - retrieved on April 29, 2009.The Real Book, Volume I, p. 119.The New Real Book, Volume III, p. 108 Composed by Herbie Hancock. 1965 – "E.S.P.".The Real Book, Volume I, p. 135. Composed by Wayne Shorter. 1965 – "The Gentle Rain" (a.k.a. "Chuva Delicada").The New Real Book, Volume III, p. 128. Written by Luiz Bonfá with English lyrics by Matt Dubey. 1965 – "The Gift!" (a.k.a. "Recado Bossa Nova").The Real Book, Volume II, p. 150. Composed by Djalma Ferreira, with lyrics by Luiz Antônio (Portuguese) Paul Francis Webster (English). 1965 – "Maiden Voyage".The Real Book, Volume I, p. 261.The New Real Book, Volume III, p. 229. Modal jazz composition by Herbie Hancock from his album Maiden Voyage. It was used in a Fabergé commercial and originally called "TV Jingle". 1965 – "Speak No Evil".The Real Book, Volume I, p. 378. Wayne Shorter. 1966 – "Footprints".Footprints at jazzstandards.com - retrieved on February 20, 2009.The Real Book, Volume I, p. 144. Composed by Wayne Shorter. 1966 – "Mercy, Mercy, Mercy".The Real Book, Volume II, p. 262. Composed by Joe Zawinul with lyrics by Johnny "Guitar" Watson and Larry Williams. 1966 – "Summer Samba" (a.k.a. "Samba de Verão", also "So Nice")The Real Book, Volume I, p. 362. Composed by Marcos Valle with lyrics by Paulo Sérgio Valle (Portuguese) Norman Gimbel (English). 1967 – "Freedom Jazz Dance".The Real Book, Volume I, p. 152.The New Real Book, Volume II, p. 110. Composed by Eddie Harris. 1967 – "Triste".Triste at jazzstandards.com - retrieved on February 20, 2009.The Real Book, Volume I, p. 417. Written by Antonio Carlos Jobim. 1967 – "Wave" (a.k.a. "Vou Te Contar").The Real Book, Volume I, p. 431. Written by Antonio Carlos Jobim.
1960
Events The Cannonball Adderley Quintet records At the Lighthouse at the Lighthouse Café in Hermosa Beach, California.
Album releases
John Coltrane: Giant Steps Ornette Coleman: Free Jazz Max Roach: Freedom Now Suite Charles Mingus: Presents Gunther Schuller [John Lewis]: Jazz Abstractions George Russell: Jazz in the Space Age Eric Dolphy: Far Cry Joe Harriott: Free Form Tina Brooks: True Blue Randy Weston: Uhuru Afrika Cecil Taylor: The World of Cecil Taylor Gil Evans: Out of the Cool Lennie Tristano: The New Tristano Clark Terry: Color Changes Jimmy Giuffre: Piece for Clarinet and String Orchestra/Mobiles Hank Mobley: Soul Station Horace Silver: Horace-Scope Art Blakey: The Big Beat Art Blakey: A Night in Tunisia Modern Jazz Quartet: Pyramid Modern Jazz Quartet: European Concert Betty Carter: The Modern Sound of Betty Carter Oliver Nelson: Takin' Care of Business Wes Montgomery: The Incredible Jazz Guitar Sam Jones: The Soul Society George Russell: Stratusphunk David Newman and James Clay: The Sound of the Wide Open Spaces!!!! Duke Jordan: Flight to Jordan Herbie Mann: Flute, Brass, Vibes and Percussion the Jazztet: Meet the Jazztet Phil Woods: Rights of Swing Art Pepper: Gettin' Together Jimmy Smith: Back at the Chicken Shack Don Ellis: How Time Passes
Births Branford Marsalis (August 26, 1960–), saxophonist
Deaths Beverly Kenney (January 29, 1932 – April 13, 1960), singer Oscar Pettiford (September 30, 1922 – September 8, 1960)
Awards Grammy Awards of 1960 Best Jazz Performance Solo or Small Group Jonah Jones for I Dig Chicks
1961
Album releases
Basie at Birdland - Count Basie Orchestra (Roulette) Buhaina's Delight - Art Blakey (Blue Note) A Jazz Hour with Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers: Blues March - Art Blakey (Movieplay) Mosaic - Art Blakey (Blue Note) Pisces - Art Blakey (Blue Note) Time Further Out - The Dave Brubeck Quartet (Columbia) Free Jazz: A Collective Improvisation - Ornette Coleman (Atlantic) Coltrane Jazz - John Coltrane (Atlantic) My Favorite Things - John Coltrane (Atlantic) Live in Stockholm 1961 - John Coltrane (LeJazz) American Freedom - Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong (Blue Note) Out of the Cool - Gil Evans Orchestra (Impulse!)