is a taxonomic work by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, published in Vienna in 1763. As well as describing hundreds of new species, contained observations on the species' biology, including the first published account of queen bees mating outside the hive.
Classification In contrast to his predecessors Carl Linnaeus and Johan Christian Fabricius, who had used the structure of the insect wing and the structure of the insect mouthparts, respectively, as the main means of classifying arthropods, Scopoli favoured a more holistic approach.
In , Scopoli described 1153 species of "insects" (a term which at that time included many arthropods), divided into seven orders: Coleoptera (beetles and orthopteroid insects) – species 1–329 Proboscidea (= Hemiptera) – species 330–418 Lepidoptera – species 419–676 Neuroptera – species 677–712 Aculeata (= Hymenoptera) – species 713–838 Halterata (= Diptera) – species 839–1024 Pedestria (various wingless animals, including silverfish, fleas, mites, arachnids, crustaceans and myriapods) – species 1025–1153
Taxa The animals described in were found in the Duchy of Carniola (also called the ), an area at that time under the control of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Nowadays, it is the western part of Slovenia.
For each species, Scopoli gave references to previously published illustrations and binomial names. Few works using binomial nomenclature had appeared by 1763; those cited by Scopoli include the 10th edition of (1758) and (1761) by Carl Linnaeus, and (1761) by Nikolaus Poda von Neuhaus. More than half of the species listed by Scopoli in were described as new. They include:
15. Scarabæus eremita, now Osmoderma eremita 65. Curculio piger, now Cleonus piger 97. Curculio glaucus, now Phyllobius glaucus 112. Attelabus lilii, now Lilioceris lilii 124. Cantharis fulva, now Rhagonycha fulva 146. Cantharis nobilis, now Oedemera nobilis 199. Buprestis salicina, now Smaragdina salicina 264. Carabus catenulatus 408. Aphis fabae 428. Papilio fagi, now Hipparchia fagi 510. Phalaena fulminea, now Catocala fulminea 525. Phalaena rubiginosa, now Conistra rubiginosa 526. Phalaena clavipalpis, now Paradrina clavipalpis 527. Phalaena deceptoria, now Deltote deceptoria 532. Phalaena nebulata, now Euchoeca nebulata 535. Phalaena fimbrialis, now Thalera fimbrialis 537. Phalaena punctinalis, now Hypomecis punctinalis 540. Phalaena lineata, now Siona lineata 542. Phalaena exanthemata, now Cabera exanthemata 545. Phalaena ornata, now Scopula ornata 546. Phalaena sylvata, now Abraxas sylvata 549. Phalaena glaucata, now Cilix glaucata 551. Phalaena chlorosata, now Petrophora chlorosata 561. Phalaena moeniata, now Scotopteryx moeniata 565. Phalaena aurata, now Pyrausta aurata 567. Phalaena ochrata, now Idaea ochrata 571. Phalaena alpinata, now Glacies alpinata 572. Phalaena murinata, now Minoa murinata 575. Phalaena laevigata, now Idaea laevigata 576. Phalaena inquinata, now Idaea inquinata 577. Phalaena tenebrata, now Panemeria tenebrata 579. Phalaena despicata, now Pyrausta despicata 580. Phalaena nigrata, now Pyrausta nigrata 583. Phalaena podana, now Archips podana 591. Phalaena rufana, now Celypha rufana 595. Phalaena montana, now Macrophya montana 599. Phalaena formosana, now Enarmonia formosana 600. Phalaena rivulana, now Celypha rivulana 607. Phalaena anthracinalis, now Euplocamus anthracinalis 609. Phalaena citrinalis, now Hypercallia citrinalis 610. Phalaena trabealis, now Emmelia trabealis 612. Phalaena lunalis, now Zanclognatha lunalis 614. Phalaena extimalis, now Evergestis extimalis 615. Phalaena sericealis, now Rivula sericealis 616. Phalaena ruralis, now Pleuroptya ruralis 618. Phalaena nemoralis, now Agrotera nemoralis 620. Phalaena perlella, now Crambus perlella 627. Phalaena craterella, now Chrysocrambus craterellus 628. Phalaena chrysonuchella, now Thisanotia chrysonuchella 636. Phalaena palliatella, now Eilema palliatella 638. Phalaena forficella, now Harpella forficella 643. Phalaena mucronella, now Ypsolopha mucronella 649. Phalaena rufimitrella, now Cauchas rufimitrella 654. Phalaena scalella, now Pseudotelphusa scalella 660. Phalaena aruncella, now Micropterix aruncella 661. Phalaena alchimiella, now Caloptilia alchimiella 662. Phalaena aureatella, now Micropterix aureatella 673. Phalaena bipunctidactyla, now Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla 734. Tenthredo ribesii, now Nematus ribesii 819. Apis pascuorum, now Bombus pascuorum 833. Formica vaga, now Camponotus vagus 870. Musca maculata, now Graphomya maculata 876. Musca tuguriorum, now Phaonia tuguriorum 880. Musca angelicae, now Phaonia angelicae 954. Conops pertinax, now Eristalis pertinax 962. Conops cuprea, now Ferdinandea cuprea 967. Conops aeneus, now Eristalinus aeneus 1134. Oniscus muscorum, now Philoscia muscorum
Publication was published by Johann Thomas von Trattner in Vienna in 1763. Forty-three plates of illustrations were prepared for publication, but were never offered for sale, and few copies of include the plates. They illustrate the species numbered 1–815, with the exception of the genus Aphis (species 396–410).
was published long before the international standardisation of units; to help readers understand his measurements, Scopoli therefore included a printed scale of three Parisian inches, each divided into twelve lines. His inch was approximately long, making each line approximately .
References
Further reading
External links Entomologia Carniolica, Internet Archive Entomologia Carniolica, Google Books