Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa

The proportions of various human Y-DNA haplogroups vary significantly from one ethnic or language group to another in Africa.

Data in the table below are based on genetic research. The second column designates linguistic affiliation of the sampled population (Semitic, Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo, etc.), the third column gives the total sample size studied, and the other columns indicate the percentage observed of particular haplogroups.

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Population Language group n A B E1a E1b1a E1b1b E2 J R1 T Reference Alur Nilo-Saharan 9 22 0 0 11 0 67 0 0 0 Wood 2005Wood, Elizabeth T et al 2005 Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes. Eur J Hum Genet 13, 867–876 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408 Amhara (Ethiopia) Semitic 48 14.6 2.1 0 45.8 0 33.3 0 4.2 Hassan 2008Hassan, Hisham Y. et al. 2008 Bamileke Niger-Congo 85 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 Luis 2004J. R. Luis et al 2004, The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations Bantus (Gabon) Niger-Congo 795 0.5 6.7 0.2 79.4 0.1 6.2 0 5.5 0 Berniell 2009Berniell-Lee, Gemma et al 2009 Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages Bantus (Kenya) Niger-Congo 29 13.8 3.4 0 51.7 13.7 17.2 0 0 0 Hurles 2005Hurles, Matthew E. et al 2005, The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages Bantus (Tanzania)Tanzania: Turu, Mbugwe, Wairak, Sukuma. Niger-Congo 110 2.7 9.1 48.2 21.8 16.4 0 0 1.8 Bantus (South Africa)South Africa: Sotho–Tswana, Xhosa, Zulu. Niger-Congo 137 5.1 10.9 0 54.7 4.4 21.2 0 0 0 Wood 2005 Bantus (South-Eastern) Niger-Congo 343 5.0 16.3 66.2 1.5 10.2 0 Naidoo 2010Naidoo, Thijessen et al 2010, Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations Beja Cushitic 42 4.8 0 0 0 52.4 0 38.1 4.8 0 Hassan 2008 Benin (Fon) Niger-Congo 100 0 0 0 95 0 5 0 0 0 Luis 2004 Berbers Berber 64 3 0 2 5 80 0 6 0 0 Cruciani2002Cruciani, Fulvio et al 2002, A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes Bissagos Islands Niger–Congo 21 76.2 14.3 Rosa 2007 Burkina FasoBurkina Faso ethnic groups: Mossi, Rimaibe, Fulbe. Niger–Congo 106 0 0.9 3.8 81.1 2.8 11.3 0 0 0 Cruciani2002 Burunge Cushitic 24 0 25 4 33 Tishkoff 2007 Cameroon (North)Adamawa Cameroon: Fali, Tali, mixed. Niger-Congo 72 1.4 12.5 4.2 54.2 0 0 0 27.8 0 Cruciani2002 Cameroon (North)Chadic Cameroon: Ouldeme, Daba, mixed. Chadic 54 1.8 3.7 0 13.0 3.7 7.4 0 70.4 0 Cruciani2002 Cameroon (South)Southern Cameroon: Bamileke, Ewondo, Bakaka. Niger-Congo 89 0 5.6 0 93.3 0 0 0 1.1 0 Cruciani2002Cape VerdeansIndo-European143003281404441Costa2025 R.D. Congo (East)RDC: Nande, Hema. Niger-Congo 36 2.8 0 0 63.9 13.9 19.4 0 0 0 Wood 2005 Copts (Sudan) Egyptian 33 0 15.2 0 0 21.2 0 45.5 15.2 Hassan 2008 Cross River (Nigeria) Niger-Congo 1113 0 87 0 0 0 Veeramah2010 Datog Nilo-Saharan 35 3 3 11 54 Tishkoff 2007 Daza (Chad) Nilo-Saharan 11.1 5.6 33.3 44.4 Shriner 2018Shriner, Daniel, and Charles N Rotimi. “Genetic history of Chad.” American journal of physical anthropology vol. 167,4 (2018): 804-812. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23711 Dinka Nilo-Saharan 26 62 23 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 Hassan 2008 Dogon Dogon 55 1.8 7.3 45.5 43.6 0 1.8 0 0 0 Wood 2005 Ethiopians Semitic 242 17.8 0.8 0 48.8 0.4 26.9 0 3.7 Moran 2004Moran CN et al 2004, Y chromosome haplogroups of elite Ethiopian endurance runners. Ethiopian Jews Semitic 22 41 0 0 0 50 0 5 0 5 Cruciani2002 Fulbe (Burkina Faso & Cameroon) Niger-Congo 37 5.4 0 29.7 48.6 0 0 8.1 Cruciani2002 Fulbe (Guinea-Bissau) Niger-Congo 59 13.6 1.7 Rosa 2007 Fulbe (Sudan) Niger-Congo 26 0 0 0 0 34.6 0 0 53.8 0 Hassan 2008 Fulbe (Niger) Niger-Congo 7 14.3 Cruciani2010Cruciani, Fulvio et al. “Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages.” European journal of human genetics : EJHG vol. 18,7 (2010): 800-7. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.231 Fur Nilo-Saharan 32 31.3 3.1 0 0 59.4 0 6.3 0 0 Hassan 2008 GhanaGhana: Ewe, Ga, Fante. Niger-Congo 91 0 0 2.2 92.3 1.1 0 0 1.1 0 Wood 2005 Guinea-Bissau Niger-Congo 282 3.2 0.4 15.6 72.0 6.0 0.7 0 0.7 0 Rosa 2007 Hadza Hadza (Isolate) 80 0 57.5 26.2 15.0 Tishkoff 2007Tishkoff, Sarah A. et al 2007 History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation Hausa (Sudan) Chadic 32 12.5 15.6 0 12.5 3.1 0 0 40.6 0 Hassan 2008Hausa (Nigeria)Chadic819564332Nguidi 2024 Hema Niger-Congo 18 6 0 2.2 28 28 39 0 0 0 Wood 2005 Herero Niger-Congo 24 4.2 70.8 12.5 I = 4.2%; R1a = 4.2%. (Wood 2005) Hutu (Rwanda) Niger-Congo 69 0 4 0 83 3 8 0 1 0 Luis 2004 IgboCalculated by averaging the haplogroup frequencies of the IG-C (Calabar), IG-E (Enugu) and IG-N (Nenwe) Igbo samples (see Table 1) in Table 4. Niger-Congo 209 A3b2=0 89.3 0 0 Veeramah 2010 & Supplementary material Iraqw Cushitic 9 0 22 0 11 56 0 0 0 0 Wood 2005 Kanembu Nilo-Saharan 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 Shriner 2018 KhoisanKhoisan: !Kung/Sekele, Tsumkwe San, Dama, Nama. Khoisan 90 47.7 14.4 0 24.4 6.7 2.2 1.1 0 0 Wood 2005 Khoisan Khoisan 183 44.3 11.5 0 23.0 16.4 1.6 0 1.6 0 Naidoo 2010 Khoisan (South Africa)Khoisan from South Africa: Khwe, !Kung, and mixed. Khoisan 129 33.3 12.4 0 35.7 14.7 3.9 0 0 0 Tishkoff 2007 Kikuyu & Kamba Niger-Congo 42 2 2 0 73 19 0 0 0 0 Wood 2005 ǃKung Khoisan 64 36 8 0 39 11 6 0 0 0 Cruciani2002 Luo Nilo-Saharan 9 11 22 0 66 0 0 0 0 0 Wood 2005 Maasai Nilo-Saharan 26 27 8 0 16 50 0 0 0 0 Wood 2005 Malagasy Austronesian 35 0 8.6 0 34.3 0 8.6 5.7 0 O = 34.3% (Hurles 2005) Mandinka Niger-Congo 39 5 3 3 79 8 3 0 0 0 Wood 2005 Mandinka (Guinea-Bissau) Niger-Congo 45 86.7 4.4 Rosa 2007 Masalit Nilo-Saharan 32 18.8 3.1 0 0 71.9 0 6.3 0 0 Hassan 2008 Mossi Niger-Congo 49 0 2 90 2 Tishkoff 2007 Namibia (Nama) Khoisan 11 64 0 0 18 9 0 0 0 Wood 2005 Nande Niger-Congo 18 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 Wood 2005 Niger–CongoNiger–Congo from: Gambia, Senegal, Mali, Ghana, Cameroon, CAR, DRC, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. Niger-Congo 705 2.7 9.6 4.5 68.2 3.9 6.9 0.1 1.4 0 Wood 2005 Nilo-SaharanNilo-Saharan: Alur, Mbuti (R.D.Congo), Massai, Luo (Kenya). Clade was exclusively carried by the Maasai amongst the Nilo-Saharan speakers - Appendix ANilo-Saharan 91 12.1 35.2 0 29.7 14.3 8.8 0 0 0 Wood 2005 Nilo-SaharanNilo-Saharan: 14 populations from R.D.Congo, Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania and Cameroon Nilo-Saharan 345 23.2 17.4 9.9 33.9 2.6 6.1 Nubians (Egypt)Nilo-Saharan46000086.904.400Lucotte and Mercier 2003 Nubians (Sudan) Nilo-Saharan, Semitic 39 0 7.7 0 0 23.1 0 43.6 10.3 0 Hassan 2008 Nuba Nilo-Saharan 28 46.4 14.3 0 0 39.3 0 0 0 0 Hassan 2008 Nuer Nilo-Saharan 12 33.3 50 0 0 16.7 0 0 0 0 Hassan 2008 Oromo (Ethiopia) Cushitic 78 10.3 1.3 0 62.8 1.3 3.8 0 5.1 Hassan 2008 Ouldeme Chadic 13 95.5 Cruciani2010 Pygmy (Mbuti) Nilo-Saharan 47 2 59 0 34 0 4 0 0 0 Wood 2005 Pygmy (Western)Pygmies: Baka, Bakola. Niger-Congo 60 5 53.3 28.3 0 0 3.3 0 Berniell 2009 São Tomé and Príncipe Indo-European 150 1.3 0 0 84.0 0 0 8.7 0 Gonçalves 2008Rita Gonçalves, Hélder Spínola & António Brehm (2010) Y-chromosome lineages in São Tomé e Príncipe and Cabo Verde islands: Different input of European influence. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series, Volume 1, Issue 1, August 2008, Pages 210-211 Sandawe Sandawe (Isolate) 68 4 14 43 34 Tishkoff 2007 Senegalese Niger-Congo 139 0 0 5.0 81.3 6.5 2.9 0 0 0 Hassan 2008 Shilluk Nilo-Saharan 15 53.3 26.7 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 Hassan 2008 Shuwa Arabs Semitic 5 40 Cruciani2010 Somalis Cushitic 201 0.5 1.0 0 1.5 81.1 0.5 3.0 0 10.4 R1a=1, Sanchez2005Sánchez, Juan J et al 2005, High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males South African Whites Indo-European 157 0 0 0.6 0.6 9.6 0 3.8 51.6 Others=33.8 Sudanese ArabsNorthern Sudan: Gaalien, Meseria, Arakien. Semitic 102 2.9 0 0 0 16.7 0 47.1 15.7 0 Hassan 2008 South Sudan (Nilotic)South Sudan: Dinka, Shilluk, Nuer. Nilo-Saharan 81 50.6 24.7 0 0 24.7 0 0 0 Hassan 2008 West Sudan (Darfur)Western Sudan: Fur, Masalit, Borgu. Clade introduced from North Africa. High frequencies likely due to a population bottleneck. Nilo-Saharan 90 27.8 2.2 0 0 62.2 0 4.4 0 Hassan 2008 Tuareg (Burkina Faso)Tgor: Tuareg from Burkina Faso, around the village of Gorom-Gorom. Berber 38 0 16.7 77.8 0 0 Pereira 2010 Tuareg (Mali)Tgos: Tuareg from Mali, near Gossi. Berber 21 0 9.1 90.9 0 0 Pereira 2010 Tuareg (Niger)Ttan: Tuareg from Niger, in the vicinity of Tanut. Berber 31 0 44.4 16.7 0 33.3 Pereira 2010 Tutsi (Rwanda) Niger-Congo 94 0 15 0 80 1 4 0 0 0 Luis 2004 Wolof Niger-Congo 34 0 0 12.0 68.0 12.0 3.0 0 0 Wood 2005 Yoruba Niger-Congo 13 0 8 0 92 0 0 0 0 0 Tishkoff 2007 Yoruba Niger-Congo 28 93.1IHC 2005International HapMap Consortium, 2005, "A haplotype map of the human genome", Nature, no. 437 (27 October), pp. 1299-1320. Yoruba Niger-Congo 21 4.8 Cruciani 2010 Xhosa Niger-Congo 80 5 5 0 54 5 28 0 0 0 Wood 2005 Zulu Niger-Congo 29 3 20 0 55 0 21 0 0 0 Wood 2005

See also Africa African empires Ethnic groups in Africa African people Languages of Africa Y-DNA haplogroups by population Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Near East Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of North Africa Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Caucasus Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Oceania Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Central and North Asia Y-DNA haplogroups in indigenous peoples of the Americas

Notes

References

External links Y-DNA Ethnographic and Genographic Atlas and Open-Source Data Compilation