Arbuzov (masculine, ) or Arbuzova (feminine, ) is a Russian surname, derived from the word арбуз (arbooz, meaning "watermelon"). It may refer to:
Aleksandr Arbuzov (1877–1968), Russian and Soviet chemist Aleksei Arbuzov (1908–1986), Soviet playwright Boris Arbuzov (1903–1991), Russian and Soviet chemist Boris Arbuzov (b. 1938), Russian and Soviet physicist Serhiy Arbuzov (b. 1976), former bank director and former Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine in 2014