Iranian Azerbaijanis are a Turkic ethnic group native to the Iranian Azerbaijan region (including provinces of East Azerbaijan, Ardabil, Zanjan and West Azerbaijan).Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z Volume 4 of Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World, James Minahan, , , Author James Minahan, Publisher Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, , , Length 2241 pages They also live in smaller numbers in other provinces, such as Kurdistan, Qazvin, Hamadan, Gilan, Markazi and Kermanshah. Iranian Azerbaijanis constitute the largest ethnic minority in Iran and make up significant minorities in Tehran, Karaj, and elsewhere in Iran.Library of Congress, "Country Studies"- Iran: Azarbaijanis accessed March 2011."Chapter 2 – The Society and Its Environment: People and Languages: Turkic-speaking Groups: Azarbaijanis" in A Country Study: Iran Library of Congress Country Studies, Table of Contents , last accessed 19 November 2008The Turkish Language in Iran By Ahmed Kasravi, latimeria: Prof. Dr. Evan Siegal, Journal of Azerbaijani Studies, 1998, Vol. 1, No 2, , Khazar University Press, Most Iranian Azerbaijanis are bilingual in Azerbaijani and Persian.
Demographics
Azerbaijanis comprise the largest minority ethnic group in Iran. Apart from Iranian Azerbaijan (provinces of West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, Ardabil and Zanjan), Azerbaijani populations are found in large numbers in four other provinces: Hamadan (includes other Turkic ethnic groups such as Afshar, Gharehgozloo, Shahsevan, and Baharloo), Qazvin,Plan review and assess the country's culture indicators (indicators Ghyrsbty) {report}: Qazvin Province / General Council of the Order of the Executive Director is responsible for planning and policy: Mansoor Vaezi; run company experienced researchers Us – * Publication Status: Tehran – Institute Press book, published in 1391 * appearance: 268 p: table (the color), diagrams (colored part) Markazi,National Bibliography Number: 2887000/plan review and assess the country's culture indicators (indicators Ghyrsbty) {report}: Markazi Province / General Council of the Order of the Executive Director is responsible for planning and policy: Mansoor Vaezi; run company experienced researchers Us – * Publication Status: Tehran – Institute Press book, published in 1391 * appearance: 276 p: table (the color), diagrams (colored part) and Kurdistan."Kordestan." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 Apr. 2009Government of Kurdistan Province People and culture (English) Azerbaijani-populated of Markazi province includes some parts and villages of Komijan, Khondab, Saveh, Zarandieh, Shazand, and Farahan. In Kurdistan, Azerbaijanis are mainly found in villages around Qorveh.
Azerbaijanis have also immigrated and resettled in large numbers in Central Iran, mainly Tehran, QomNational Bibliography Number: 2890690 / plan review and assess the country's culture indicators (indicators Ghyrsbty) {report}: Tehran 199066, Mashhad 292341, Isfahan 170017, Tabriz 18481, Karaj 278252, Shiraz 251703, Ahwaz 176403, Qom 207877 / General Council of the Order of the Executive Director is responsible for planning and policy: Mansoor Vaezi; run company experienced researchers Us – * Publication Status: Tehran – Institute Press book, published in 1391 * appearance: 296 p: table (the color), diagrams (colored part)National Bibliography Number: 2878470 / plan review and assess the country's culture indicators (indicators Ghyrsbty) {report}: Qom Province / General Council of the Order of the Executive Director is responsible for planning and policy: Mansoor Vaezi; run company experienced researchers Us – * Publication Status: Tehran – Institute Press book, published in 1391 * appearance: 270 p: table (the color), diagrams (colored part) and Karaj.National Bibliography Number: 2890577 / plan review and assess the country's culture indicators (indicators Ghyrsbty) {report}: Alborz Province / General Council of the Order of the Executive Director is responsible for planning and policy: Mansoor Vaezi; run company experienced researchers Us – * Publication Status: Tehran – Institute Press book, published in 1391 * appearance: 291 p: table (the color), diagrams (colored part)The Turkish Language in Iran By Ahmed KASRAVI, latimeria: Prof. Dr. Evan Siegal, Journal of Azerbaijani Studies, 1998, Vol. 1, No 2, , Khazar University Press, They have also emigrated and resettled in large numbers in Khorasan. Immigrant Azerbaijani communities have been represented by people prominent not only among urban and industrial working classes but also in commercial, administrative, political, religious, and intellectual circles.
Scholars put the population of Azerbaijanis in Iran between 10 and 23 million. Iranologist Victoria Arakelova believes that political doctrines following the dissolution of the Soviet Union caused the inflation of the Iranian Azerbaijani as almost half of the 60 million Iranian population, which later decreased to 20 million, lingering for a while. She puts the number at 6 to 6.5 million.
Ethnic groups Sub-ethnic groups of the Azerbaijanis within the modern-day borders of Iran following the ceding of the Caucasus to Russia in the 19th century, include the Shahsevan, the Qarapapaqs, the Ayrums, the Bayat,Российский этнографический музей. Глоссарий. Баяты the Qajars, James Stuart Olson, Lee Brigance Pappas, Nicholas Charles Pappas. An Ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires KAJAR. The Kajars are considered a subgroup of the Azerbaijanis*. Historically, they have been a Turkic* Tribe who lived in Armenia. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when the Safavids tried to conquer the region, the Kajars settled in the Karabakh Khanate of western Azerbaijan. Agha Mohammed, a Kajar leader, overturned the Zend dynasty in Iran and established Kajar control in the area. This arrangement lasted u^il Reza Shah came to power in Iran in 1925. The Kajar population today exceeds 35,000 people, the vast majority of whom live in Iran. the Qaradaghis, and the Gharagozloo.
Background
The Iranian Azerbaijani culture was produced by centuries of a symbiosis and mixture between native and nomadic elements. According to Richard Frye, Iranian Azerbaijanis largely descend from the pre-existing local Iranian population who was gradually Turkified following the major influx of Oghuz nomads into the region. Olivier Roy writes that the Azerbaijani ethnogenesis entailed the Turkification of the natives by Turkomans and the rise of Shiite identity and Turkic tongue. According to Russian scholar Rostislav Rybakov, Iranian Azerbaijan was almost fully Turkicized by 14th and 15th centuries, though the local population left its mark in the Azerbaijani culture and language and the ethnic border between the Turkish people and Azerbaijanis was established in the 16th century.""History of the East" ("Transcaucasia in 11th–15th centuries" in Rostislav Borisovich Rybakov (editor), History of the East. 6 volumes. v. 2. "East during the Middle Ages: Chapter V., 2002. – . )". Scholars note cultural similarities between modern Persians and Azerbaijanis."Azerbaijan" , Columbia Encyclopedia (retrieved 8 June 2006).
Genetics One comparative study (2013) on the complete mitochondrial DNA diversity in Iranians has indicated that Iranian Azerbaijanis are genetically intermediate between Azerbaijanis from Azerbaijan and other ethnic groups from Iran, including Armenians.Derenko, M., Malyarchuk, B., Bahmanimehr, A., Denisova, G., Perkova, M., Farjadian, S., & Yepiskoposyan, L. (2013). Complete Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Iranians . PLoS ONE, 8(11), e80673. Another study finds that there is no significant difference between Iranian Azerbaijanis and other major ethnic groups of Iran.
According to HLA testing, Azerbaijanis of Iran cluster together with the Turkmens of Gorgan and Kurds and constitute an intermediate position between Iranian populations and Western Siberians, specifically Chuvash, Mansi people, and Buryats (subgroups of Turkic peoples, Ugrians, and Mongols respectively). Several genetic studies show that the Azerbaijanis' gene pool largely overlap with that of the native populations in support of language replacement, including elite dominance, scenarios, while also demonstrating significant genetic influence from Siberia and Mongolia.
History Background
Following the Russo-Persian Wars of 1804–13 and 1826–28, the Caucasian territories of Qajar Iran were ceded to the Russian Empire. The Treaty of Gulistan in 1813 and the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828 finalized the borders between the Russian Empire and Qajar Iran. The areas to the north of the river Aras, including the territory of the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan, were Iranian territory until they were occupied by Russia over the course of the 19th century.
As a direct result of Qajar Iran's forced ceding to Russia, the Azerbaijanis are nowadays parted between two nations: Iran and Azerbaijan.Swietochowski, Tadeusz. Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 2003 Taylor and Francis, 2003. p 104 Despite living on two sides of an international border, the Azerbaijanis form a single ethnic group.
Russo-Persian War (1826–28) The burden of the Russo-Persian War (1826–28) was on the tribes of Qaradağ region, who being in front line, provided human resources and provision of the Iranian army. In the wake of the war, a significant fraction of the inhabitants of this area lived as nomadic tribes (ایلات). The major tribes included; Cilibyanlu 1,500 tents and houses, Karacurlu 2500, Haji Alilu 800, Begdillu 200, and various minor groups 500.R. Khanam, Encycl. Ethnography of Middle-East And Central Asia, 2005, p. 313 At the time Ahar, with 3,500 inhabitants, was the only city of Qaradağ.Bibliothèque orientale Elzévirienne, Volume 52; Volume 55, 1887 p.224.
Persian Constitutional Revolution During the Persian Constitutional Revolution, Tabriz was at the center of battles which followed the ascent to the throne of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar on 8 January 1907. The revolutionary forces were headed by Sattar Khan who was originally from Arasbaran.Ervand Abrahamian, Iran Between Two Revolutions, Princeton University Press, 1982 p.97اسماعيل اميرخيزى، قيام آذربايجان و ستار خان، ۱۹۶۰، كتابفروشى تهرانحسین دوستى، "حماسه ها و حماسه سازان انقلاب مشروطيت: با تاءکید بر نقش مردم ارسباران (قره داغ)"، باران، ۲۰۰۶ Haydar Khan Amo-oghli had significant contribution in the inception and progression of the revolution, and introducing leftist ideas into Iranian mainstream politics.Ismāʻīl Rā'īn, "Ḥaydar Khān Āmūʹūghlī", Intishārāt-i Muʼassasah-i Taḥqiq-i Rāʼīn, Tehran During the following tumultuous years, Amir Arshad, the headman of Haji-Alilu tribe, had a major impact on the subsequent political developments in Iran in relation to the status of Iranian Kurds. He is credited with fending off communism from Iran.Stephanie Cronin, 'The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society Under Riza Shah, 1921–1941', 2007, p. 207
Persian nationalism